Search the Community

What is the Shiite scholars' view on "ghulu"? Among the discussions related to religious beliefs, especially in Shia Islam, the topic of "ghulu" has always been raised. Ghulu means exaggeration and exceeding moderation regarding the status and rank of the Infallible Imams (AS). However, the important point is that ghulu has two main types: ghulu in essence and ghulu in attributes. Ghulu in essence: Ghulu in essence means that a person or group believes in the prophethood of the Infallible Imams (AS) or the divinity of the Infallible Imams (AS), or incarnation, or transmigration, or Tafwidh (delegation); in other words, it raises the essence of the Infallible Imams (AS) above their level.[1] Ghulu in attributes: "Ghulu in attributes," which can also be described as "ghulu in virtues," refers to incorrectly attributing qualities, virtues, and miracles to the Infallible Imams (AS) they did not possess. Unlike ghulu in essence, which Shiite theologians and jurists unanimously consider to be kufr (disbelief), there is a difference of opinion among them regarding ghulu in attributes, and in fact, this issue has become a relative issue. [2] Many Shiite scholars and researchers have not specifically addressed this distinction. While this distinction has very important implications in jurisprudence, rijāl (knowledge of hadith narrators), and drayah (understanding and interpretation of hadiths). In fact, when we separate these two types of ghulu, we arrive at a more accurate understanding of the Shiite scholars' view on ghulu. Many Shiite scholars, when they speak of "ghulu," mean ghulu in essence, not ghulu in attributes, which are often confused in common conceptions. Great Shia scholars, such as Sheikh Mufid and Allama Hilli, when speaking of Ghulat, mostly referred to ghulu in essence. For example, Sheikh Mufid considers Ghulat to be those who attribute divinity and prophethood to the Imams and ascribe to them virtues beyond their limits. He considers Ghulat to be infidels and misguided and emphasizes that Imam Ali (AS) punished them. [3] Allama Hilli also considers the belief of Ghulat to be invalid, because he believes that God is not a body and cannot incarnate in a body. He also considers the miracles of the Imams to be similar to the miracles of other prophets and considers this as proof of refuting their divinity. [4] The late Sheikh Saduq also said about the Ghulat: Our belief is that the Ghulat and Mufawwida are infidels towards Allah Almighty and are worse than Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians, Qadariyya, and Haruriyya, and all innovators and those who follow their whims, and they have not belittled anything like Allah Almighty. [5] Allama Majlesi says about ghulu: Note that exaggeration regarding the Prophet (saw) and the Imams (as) means either believing in their divinity, or considering them partners with God in worship, creation, and provision. Belief in any of these is a type of atheism, infidelity, and departure from religion. [6] While all Shia theologians and jurists unanimously consider ghulu in essence to be infidelity and consider those who believe in it to be infidels, the issue of ghulu in attributes is much more complex and a subject of disagreement. In reality, the issue of ghulu in attributes has become a relative matter; meaning that each theologian, based on his specific theological viewpoint, believes in a certain degree of attributes and virtues for the Infallibles (AS). Therefore, if a theologian believes that the Infallibles (AS) possess a specific degree of attributes and virtues, he does not consider believing in exceeding that limit permissible and accuses those who believe in it of exaggeration. On the other hand, another theologian who believes in a higher degree of attributes and virtues for the Infallibles (AS) not only does not consider himself an exaggerator but also accuses his counterpart of negligence and deficiency in understanding and knowing the high status of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) and considers him guilty. These disagreements show that the boundary between respecting and venerating the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) and exaggeration is a relative line and depends on the viewpoint and theological foundations of each individual. In other words, regarding the attributes and virtues of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS), there is no absolute and definitive criterion to definitively determine which belief is ghulu and which is negligence; rather, it is a broad spectrum where each individual, based on their level of understanding and belief, finds their place. As a result, what seems like ghulu to one person may be the truth and knowledge to another, and vice versa. This relativity in understanding the virtues of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) shows that the issue of exaggeration has transcended a purely theological ruling and become a cognitive and cultural challenge. The disagreement over the permissibility of "the Prophet's (saw) error" was one of the most prominent disagreements between two Shiite intellectual schools, namely the Qum school and the Baghdad school; a clear example of the issue of ghulu in attributes. Shaykh Saduq, a prominent figure of the Qum school, quoting his teacher Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Hasan ibn Walid, considered the first sign of exaggeration to be the belief in the negation of error from the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and the Imams (AS). [7] From his perspective, those who elevate the status of infallibility to the point of not allowing any kind of mistake for the Infallibles (AS) have, in fact, fallen into exaggeration. In contrast, Shaykh Mufid, one of the great figures of the Baghdad school, states that if Shaykh Saduq's quote from his teacher is correct, regarding those who deny error from the Infallibles (AS) being exaggerators, then he himself is at fault, even if he is from the scholars of Qum. [8] Shaykh Mufid goes further and points to some of the beliefs of the people of Qum, accusing them of negligence in religion. He says that he encountered a group of people from Qum who downgraded the Imams (AS) from their true position and believed that the Imams (AS) were unaware of many of the religious laws and gained knowledge of them after deep thought and contemplation. Some of them even believed that the Imams (AS) resorted to opinion and conjecture to obtain the ruling of the Sharia. Shaykh Mufid considers these views to be clear negligence and believes that this group of scholars fell short in recognizing the position and status of the Imams (AS). [9] Ultimately, Sheikh Mufid considers the criterion of ghulu to be the denial of the created attributes (being created) of the Imams (AS) and the attribution of divinity and eternity to them. Instead of focusing on the issue of error or lack thereof, he emphasizes that exaggeration means denying the humanity of the Infallibles (AS) and attributing divine attributes to them. [10] These disagreements show that the understanding and interpretation of the virtues of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) throughout history has always been a subject of discussion and exchange of views, and each intellectual group, based on its own theological foundations and viewpoints, has arrived at a specific definition of exaggeration and fault. Conclusion: Therefore, the scholars' views on ghulu in essence differ from ghulu in attributes; all Shiite theologians and jurists unanimously consider ghulu in essence to be disbelief and declare those who hold it to be disbelievers, while the issue of ghulu in attributes (exaggeration in expressing their virtues and abilities) is much more complex and a subject of disagreement. In fact, the issue of ghulu in attributes has become a relative matter; meaning that each theologian, according to his specific theological viewpoint, believes in a certain limit of attributes and virtues for the Infallibles (AS). [1] . Jaryan Shenasi Ghulu (1): Safari, Nematollah, p: 7. [2] . Ibid. p: 10. [3] . Tas’hih E’teqadat al-Imamiyya: Sheikh Mofid, vol. 1, p. 131. [4] . Anwar al-Malakut fi Sharh al-Yaqut: Allameh Helli, vol. 1, p. 201. [5] . Al-E’teqadat: Sheikh Saduq, vol. 1, p. 97. [6] . Bihar al-Anwar: Mohammad-Taghi, Allameh Majlesi, vol. 25, p. 346. [7] . Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih: Sheikh Saduq, vol. 1, p. 360. [8] . Moghayesei Miyan Do Maktab Fekri Shi’a dar Qom va Baghdad dar Qarn-e Chaharom-e Hejri (A comparison between two Shiite schools of thought in Qom and Baghdad in the fourth century AH): Yaqub, Jafari, p. 30. [9] . Tas’hih E’teqadat al-Imamiyya: Sheikh Mofid, vol. 1, p. 135. [10] . Ibid. p: 136

What is the difference between Ghulu regarding the status of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) and the correct belief in it? To understand the difference between exaggeration (ghulu) and the true belief in the status of Ahl al-Bayt (AS), it’s important to define ghulu. Linguistically, ghulu means to exceed limits or to go beyond moderation.[1] In a more technical sense, Sheikh Mufid described ghulu as exceeding boundaries and exaggerating concerning prophets and imams. [2] Imam Baqir (AS) further clarified this concept by stating that a ghali is someone who claims something about us that we have not asserted about ourselves. [3] It should be noted that the ghulu discussed in jurisprudential and theological texts refers to certain false beliefs held by some individuals, which lead to their classification as disbelievers. These beliefs include considering the Holy Prophet and the Imams (AS) to be God, believing that the Imams can also be prophets, or claiming that love for the Ahl al-Bayt negates the need for worship and the avoidance of sins. Such beliefs are examples of shirk (polytheism) or a denial of a fundamental principle, both of which result in disbelief.[4] In contrast, matters such as the Imams' knowledge of the unseen, the Ahl al-Bayt's wilayah at-takwiniyyah, their pure nature and creation, etc., have been continuously discussed in reliable books of Kalam, and in accordance with the hadith of Imam Ali (AS), who said: “Beware of exaggeration concerning us. Say that we are God’s servants, and say whatever you wish about our virtues,” [5] a limit has been set for it, and they have warned against attributing matters that contradict the principles of religion. These points make it clear that although the status of Ahl al-Bayt (AS) is highly honorable, and no matter what we say or think about them, we will not reach the essence of their being and exalted status, but we should not raise them above the level of servitude, being created, and being dependent on God, and attribute to them qualities that contradict the necessities of religion. [6] Therefore, the difference between ghulu and the correct belief in the status of Ahl al-Bayt (AS) depends on a correct understanding of their position and the extent of belief in their status. Imam Reza (AS) also explained that the meaning of people's servitude to Ahl al-Bayt (AS) is that people must obey us because God has made this obedience obligatory. [7] When Imam Reza (AS) noticed that some people attributed the attributes of God to Imam Ali (AS), he said that the Commander of the Faithful ate, drank, and married like you, therefore, one cannot imagine divine attributes for him. [8] Also, Sudayr narrates that Imam Sadiq (AS) entered the session in an angry state and said that people think we have knowledge of the unseen, while no one but Allah has knowledge of the unseen. Sudir says that I told Imam Sadiq (AS) that we know you have a lot of knowledge, but we do not attribute the knowledge of the unseen to you; the Imam, explaining his knowledge, said: The person who had knowledge of the book with him and brought the throne of Bilqis in the blink of an eye had as much knowledge as a drop in the sea, and now, is someone who has some knowledge of the book wiser, or someone who has all the knowledge of the book? Then the Imam pointed to his chest and said that all the knowledge of the book is with us. [9] Thus, it becomes clear that when the Imam denies knowledge of the unseen, he does not mean the extraordinary knowledge that he himself possesses, but rather refers to a specific knowledge that is unique to God and is referred to as inherent and independent knowledge, but he considers the extraordinary knowledge given to him by Allah to be proven for himself. Considering what has been revealed to us from the Ahl al-Bayt (AS), it can be said that the Ghulat are those who believe in the prophethood of the Ahl al-Bayt, the transmigration of the souls of the Imams, the granting of independence to them, and divine attributes for them, and some even believe in the divinity of the Ahl al-Bayt. [10] Conclusion: Considering all these points, we understand that the Imams (AS) have virtues and characteristics that are unimaginable for humans. These virtues are beyond ordinary humans, but it must be emphasized that these characteristics are different from the attributes of Allah, and divine attributes cannot be attributed to them. Imam Sadiq (AS) also considers the knowledge of the unseen to be exclusive to Allah, but he sets limits for his own knowledge that seems beyond human understanding. Therefore, the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) are superior beings, while they always count as servants of Allah, and this is the correct belief about them. Considering these points, the difference between exaggeration and the correct view lies in the correct understanding of the position of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) and precisely identifying the essence of exaggeration. [1] . Al-Nihayah fi Gharib al-Hadith wal-Athar: Majd al-Din Ibn al-Athir, vol. 3, p. 382. / Lisan al-Arab: Ibn Manzur, vol. 15, p133. [2] . Tasheeh al-I’tiqad: Sheikh Mufid, p: 131 [3] . Al-Kafi: Muhammad ibn Ya’qub al-Kulayni, vol.2, p.75. [4] . Wilayah Takwini wa Wilayah Tashri’i: Sheikh Lotfollah Safi Golpayegani, p 41. [5] . Al-Khisal: Sheikh al-Saduq, vol. 2, page: 614. And the words of Imam Sadiq (AS): “Make us created servants, and say about us what you wish except for prophethood.” Alkharayij w aljarayih: Al-Rawandi, Qutb al-Din, Vol: 2, P: 735. [6] . Farhang-e Ghadir: Javad Mohaddesi, Publisher: Qom: Ma’ruf, 1387, p: 448. [7] . Al-Kafi: Sheikh al-Kulayni, Muhammad ibn Ya’qub, Vol. 1, p. 187. [8] . Bihar al-Anwar: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, vol. 25, p. 275. [9] . Al-Kafi: Sheikh al-Kulayni, Muhammad ibn Ya’qub, vol. 1, p. 257. [10] . Buhuth fi Sharh al-'Urwa al-Wuthqa: al-Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr, vol. 3, p. 306 / Ghulu; Haqiqat wa Aqsam-e An: Seyyed Kamal Heydari, translated by Pajouheshkadeh Hajj va Ziarat, pp. 27-42 / Naqsh-e Ghulu dar Inhiraf-e Aqa’id va Afkar: Muhammad Helli, p. 31 / Ghulu va Tafviz dar Gostareh-ye Ayat va Rivayat-e Ahl al-Bayt (as): Seyyed Alireza Mousavi, p. 12.

What is the view of other Islamic schools of thought on Ghulu? The issue of Ghulu is one of the challenging issues in the Islamic world; the theorists of Islamic schools of thought have mentioned many things regarding Ghulu, each of which is of particular importance; now we will address some of the theories presented on the issue of Ghulu from the perspective of other Islamic schools of thought. The Zaydi view on Ghulu: The Zaydi school, like other branches of Shia, believes that Imam Ali (AS) was appointed as the successor of the Messenger of Allah (SAW), and after him, Imam Hassan and Imam Hussein (AS) were also recognized as the Imam and successor of the Prophet (SAW) by divine text. However, after Imam Hussein (AS), the Zaydis separated the position of guardianship and succession of the Prophet (SAW) from the divine and heavenly aspects and turned it into a worldly position. From the Zaydi point of view, the Imams after Imam Hussein (AS) must be knowledgeable, just, courageous, and managerial personalities, and from the lineage of Lady Fatima (SA), with active presence in the political arena, to command good and forbid evil and to implement divine laws. Among them, Zayd ibn Ali ibn Hussein is known as a prominent figure in this lineage. During a period when the Zaydi ideology was based on the belief in knowledgeable, just, courageous, and capable Imams, a group of Zaydi Ghulat engaged in Ghulu and considered some of the Zaydi Imams as the Mahdi and possessors of long life. They attributed great miracles to these Imams, and some even claimed that the rank of these Imams was higher than that of the Prophet himself;[1] These extremist ideas caused some Zaydi scholars to consider these beliefs incorrect and beyond the truth and to write treatises refuting these beliefs. [2] In the end, it must be said that the Zaydi view on Ghulu is similar to that of the Imamiyyah, and Ghulu is considered an encroachment on right and truth, which is a condemned matter, and throughout history, Zaydi scholars have fought against it; although there may be differences between Zaydis and Imamis in the instances of Ghulu. The Ismaili view on ghulu: Like other Islamic sects, Ismailis define ghulu as exceeding the truth and reality. Among the great figures of the Ismaili faith, is Qadi Nu'man ibn Muhammad, whom Ibn Khallikan described as possessing immense greatness, was known as a highly learned and virtuous individual. He was not only proficient in the Quran and its interpretation but also specialized in jurisprudence and juristic disputes. He also possessed extensive knowledge of linguistics, poetry, and history, acting with wisdom and fairness in all these fields. Qadi Nu'man wrote numerous works about the Ahl al-Bayt and authored a valuable book on their virtues. He also wrote works refuting the beliefs of opponents, including Abu Hanifa, Malik, Shafi'i, and Ibn Sarij.[3] Qadi Nu'man explicitly states that Amir al-Mu'minin Ali (AS) resisted groups that exaggerated about him and presented him as exceeding reality. Some of these individuals believed that Ali (AS) was a prophet and that Gabriel had mistakenly revealed the revelation to the Prophet (SAW). Such beliefs were incorrect and extreme, and Amir al-Mu'minin Ali (AS) always opposed such ideas. [4] According to Ismaili's teachings, any exaggeration and transgression of the truth regarding persons and things is considered undesirable. The only difference in this regard lies in the differing understanding of the instances of exaggeration. These differences have led some sects to accuse other groups of ghulu. In reality, the difference in understanding and interpreting the instances of ghulu has led to diversity and conflict in religious viewpoints. The Sunni view on ghulu: Regarding the Sunni viewpoint, it should be said that Sunnism is internally divided into various groups in terms of jurisprudence, theology, and beliefs, some of which will now be mentioned: Ibn Taymiyyah and his followers throughout history: Ibn Taymiyyah al-Harrani, the founder of Wahhabism, says: "Ghulu" means praising or blaming something more than it deserves;[5] Muhammad Rashid Rida also mentions in his commentary that "ghulu" means exceeding the legal limit and exceeding what the Shari'ah has stipulated. [6] One of the reasons Wahhabi and Salafist theorists often label Shias as disbelievers is the concept of "ghulu." These individuals highlight certain Shia beliefs and associate them with "ghulu" to justify their claims. For instance, the belief that the Infallible Imams (AS) possess knowledge of the unseen is frequently categorized as "ghulu." Consequently, they argue that this belief warrants declaring Shias as disbelievers. In the following sections, we will present various opinions on this topic. Al-Zarqawi, in one of his works, accuses Shias of believing in the Imams’ knowledge of the unseen. He claims that this belief is part of the corrupt ideas held by Shia Muslims. [7] By citing the Shia belief that Ali ibn Abi Talib (AS) possesses knowledge of the unseen, he argues that Shias view the Imams (AS) as equal to Allah, [8] attributing divine status to them. Al-Zarqawi insists that such attributes are only appropriate for Allah Almighty and that assigning them to anyone other than Allah is akin to associating partners with Him. [9] Tartusi attributes such accusations to the Shia community, labeling them as part of the manifestations of Shia "ghulu". He cites numerous hadiths from Usul al-Kafi as evidence for his claims. In these hadiths, Shia beliefs assert that the infallible Imams (AS) possess knowledge of the unseen. [10] Due to this belief, Tartusi accuses them of disbelief and polytheism. He distinguishes between Shias and extreme Shias by stating that extreme Shias openly confess their belief in the divinity of individuals like Ali ibn Abi Talib (AS), while other Shias hold this belief secretly. [11] Traditional scholars, Sufi mystics from Ash'aris and Maturidis: Sunni scholars who lack Wahhabist thought have also identified Ghulat. For example, Shahrestani considers a Ghali to be someone who exaggerates about their Imam to the point of elevating them beyond the status of a creature, whether by ascribing divine attributes to them or claiming Allah's incarnation in them. [12] Abu’l-Baqā’, a Hanafi scholar, in his book "Al-Kulliyat," defines Ghulu as exceeding limits. [13] Baghawi, in his book "Sharh al-Sunnah," interpreting the verse "لَا تَغْلُوا فِي دِينِكُمْ"[14] states that Ghulu means exceeding the measure of a thing. [15] Mulla Ali Qari also defines Ghulu in religion as exceeding the Book and Sunnah.[16] Tabari,[17] Qastalani,[18] and Fakhr al-Razi also defined Ghulu as exceeding the limit or measure of a thing or matter.[19] Al-Alusi, in his abridgment of the book "Tuḥfat al-Ithna ‘Ashariyya," mentions that the first person to exaggerate about Ali ibn Abi Talib was Abdullah ibn Saba’, who affirmed Ali’s Imamate and disavowed his enemies.[20] Haytami, in "Şawā’iq al-Muhriqah," states that the nature of Shi’ism is Ghulu and innovation,[21] and it must be said that Sunnis consider the belief in the infallibility and Imamate of Amir al-Mu'minin to be Ghulu. However, Sunnis have gone so far in describing the virtues of the Companions that some have claimed that they had no shortcomings,[22] and they have described great miracles for them; for example, a story about a woman from the Ansar who dreamed that a date palm tree in her yard had fallen, and the Prophet (SAW) told her that her husband would die on his journey, but Abu Bakr gave her the good news that her husband would return that night, and in the end, this happened, and they explained the reason as follows: Allah was ashamed for a lie to come from the tongue of Abu Bakr; because he is Siddiq. [23] Conclusion: Based on the true and scholarly view of the Sunnis, Shi’ites cannot be considered Ghulat because the views of Sunni and Wahhabi scholars about Ghulu are similar to the views of Shi’ite scholars, who define Ghulu as exceeding the limit or measure of a thing or matter; therefore, exceeding the matter of religion, the Qur’an, the Sunnah, and the truth means Ghulu; whether this Ghulu is about the great figures of religion or other matters. However, differences in understanding the instances and accurately recognizing the position of Ghulu have led to some accusing the Shi’ites. [1] . Resaleh al-Zajereh article: Ali, Mousavi Nejad, Haft Aseman magazine, p. 2. [2] . Ibid: p. 3. [3] . Wafayat al-A’yan: Ibn Khalkan, vol. 5, p. 416. [4] . Da’a’im al-Islam: Qadi Nu’man Maghrebi, vol. 1, p. 48. [5] . Iqtida’ al-Sirat al-Mustaqim li Mukhalafat Ashab al-Jahim: Ibn Taymiyyah, vol. 1, p. 328. [6] . Tafsir al-Manar: Rashid Rida, Muhammad, vol. 6, p. 405. [7] . Articles by Ahmad Fadhil Nazal Al-Khalayleh, The comprehensive archive of the words and speeches of Sheikh Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, Al-Buraq Islamic Network, vol. 1, p. 324. (هذا مع اعتقادهم العصمة في أئمتهم، ونسبة علم الغيب والتصرف في الكون إليهم، وغير ذلك من الشركيات التي لا يعذر أحد بجهلها) [8] . Ibid: vol. 1, p.532. (وَمِنْ جَرَائِمِهِمْ فِي جَانِبِ العَقِيدَةِ وَشَعَائِرِ الدِّينِ... أَنَّهُمْ نَشَرُوا العَقَائِدَ الفَاسِدَةَ... ثُمَّ قَالوا بِالرَّجعَةِ وَعِلمِ عَليٍّ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ لِلغَيبِ) [9] . Ibid: vol.1, p.587. (وَكَذَا شَرَّكُوا الإِلَهَ الوَاحِدَ بِالعِبَادِةِ المُستَحَقَّةِ للهِ تَعَالى وَحدَهُ غَيرَهُ، مِن نَذرٍ وَ دُعَاءٍ وَتَقَرُّبٍ بِالعِبَادَةِ للأَئِمَّةِ الذِينَ اعتَبَرُوهُم مُقَدَّسِينَ وَمَعصُومِينَ. وَ لم يَقِف الأَمرُ إِلى هَذَا الحَدِّ بَل نَسَبُوا الصِّفَاتِ التِي يَتَّصِفُ بِهَا اللهُ تَعَالى، كَالرِّزقِ وّالعِلمِ بِالغَيبِ وَنَحوَ ذَلِكَ لهَؤُلاءِ الأَئِمَّةِ، فَلم يَكتَفُوا بِالإِسَاءَةِ لمَقَامِ اللهِ تَعَالى بِالرُّبُوبِيَّةِ وَالأُلُوهِيَّةِ فَحَسب). [10] . Al-Shi’a al-Rawafid Ta’ifah Shirk wa Ridda (The Rawafid Shiites are a sect of polytheism): Abu Basir al-Tartousi, p. 32. [11] . Ibid: p. 45. [12] . Al-Milal wa al-Nihal: al-Shahrastani, vol. 1, p. 173. [13] . al-Kulliyyat: Abu al-Baqa, al-Kafwi, vol. 1, p. 293. [14] . An-Nisa: 171. [15] . Sharh al-Sunna: Abu Muhammad, al-Baghawi, vol. 4, p. 47. [16] . Mirqat al-Mafatih Sharh Mishkat al-Masabih: Mulla Ali al-Qari, vol. 1, p. 322. [17] . Tafsir al-Tabari: Abu Ja’far, Tabari, vol. 7, p. 700. [18] . Irshad al-Sari li Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari: Al-Qastalani, vol. 10, p. 313. [19] . Tafsir al-Razi = Mafatih al-Ghayb aw al-Tafsir al-Kabir: Fakhr al-Din, al-Razi, vol. 12, p. 411. [20] . Mukhtasar al-Tuhfa al-Ithna Ashariyah: Muhammad Shukri, al-Alusi, vol. 1, p. 6. [21] . al-Sawa’iq al-Muhriqa 'ala Ahl al-Rafd wa al-Dalal wa al-Zandaqa: al-Haytami, Ibn Hajar, vol. 1, p. 10. / Asma al-Matalib fi Sirat Amir al-Mu’minin Ali ibn Abi Talib: Ali Muhammad, al-Sallabi, vol. 1, p. 507. [22] . al-Sawa’iq al-Muhriqa 'ala Ahl al-Rafd wa al-Dalal wa al-Zandaqa: Ibn Hajar, Haytami, vol. 2, p. 640. [23] . Nuzhat al-Majalis wa Muntakhab al-Nafa’is: al-Safuri, vol. 2, p. 149.

What are the most well-known Ghulat sects in Islam? According to Shia scholars, Ghulat sects are excluded from Islam due to their claims of divinity for certain individuals or their assertions of prophecy for those who are not recognized as prophets. As a result, these groups cannot be considered Muslims, even if they identify themselves as Muslims or as Shia. The Ghulat sects that identify as Muslims or even Shia are numerous; for brevity, some will be briefly mentioned with explanations. The Rawandiyya (Abbassiyya) sect The Rawandiyya (Abbassiyya) sect was led by Abdullah Rawandi. Initially, he believed in the divinity of Mansur Dawaniqi, the Abbasid Caliph, and the prophethood of Abu Muslim Khorasani. However, after Mansur ordered the murder of Abu Muslim in 141 AH, the sect rebelled against Mansur. In response, Mansur charged them with heresy and had them burned. From the Rawandiyya sect, several offshoots emerged, including: - Abu Muslimiya, which believed in the imamate of Abu Muslim Khorasani; - Abu Hurrairyya, led by a man named Abu Hurraira; - Razzamiyya, followers of a figure named Razzam who believed in the incarnation of God in Abu Muslim; and - Hashemiyya, supporters of Abu Hashim Abdullah ibn Muhammad ibn Hanafiya.[1] The Khurramiyya sect The Khurramiyya were followers of Babak Khurramdin and were considered supporters of Abu Muslim Khorasani. Babak Khurramdin led a rebellion against the Abbasid Caliph in the year 201 AH. He was captured by the Iranian commander Afshin during the reign of Caliph Mu'tasim in 223 AH, and ultimately, he was executed after some time. [2] The Junahiyya sect The Junahiyya sect consisted of followers of Abdullah ibn Mu'awiya, whom they regarded as both God and a prophet. They believed that knowledge developed in his heart like a plant and that the spirit of God had been transferred to him. Additionally, they rejected the concept of resurrection, deemed the world indestructible, and considered what is typically forbidden to be permissible. [3] The Sabaiyya sect The Sabaiyya is a sect attributed to the Imamiyyah, led by Abdullah ibn Saba, which emerged in the early years of the Caliphate of Ali ibn Abi Talib (AS) and is considered a group of Ghalian. When Ali (AS) was martyred, the Sabaiyya said that he was not killed, but had gone into occultation and would return to fill the world with justice.[4] The Ahl al-Bayt (AS) cursed him. In a narration, Imam Sajjad (AS) says: "The mention of Abdullah ibn Saba was made to me, and all the hairs of my body stood on end. He claimed a great matter – may God curse him! By God! Imam Ali (AS) was a righteous servant of God and the brother of the Messenger of God (SAW), and he did not reach honor except because of his obedience to God and His Messenger." [5] The Karbiyya sect The Karbiyya are described as the followers of "Ibn Karb." He believed that Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, nicknamed the Mahdi, was given this title by his father, Imam Ali (a.s.), that he did not die and would not die, and that his death was impossible, but that he is currently absent, and his location is unknown. He will appear and will be the owner of the earth, and there will be no Imam until his return. [6] The Bazighiyya sect Followers of Bazigh ibn Musa believe that Ja'far ibn Muhammad, also known as Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, is God. They hold that he is not merely the physical person people perceive but has taken this form to appear among humanity. The followers believe that whatever occurs in their hearts is a form of revelation, and if a person has faith, they will receive such revelations. [7] The Nusiriyya (Alawiyya) sect T The Nusiriyya was a group that initially believed in the Imamate of Imam Ali ibn Muhammad al-Hadi during his lifetime. However, they later deviated from this belief by claiming the prophethood of a man named Muhammad ibn Nusir al-Namiri. Muhammad ibn Nasir asserted that Imam Hadi (a.s.) had appointed him as a prophet. He also believed in the transmigration of souls related to Imam Hadi, claimed the Lordship of Imam Hadi, and permitted marriage between close relatives, among other beliefs. [8] Other sects such as: Kaysaniyya, the Kaysaniyya sect refers to the followers of Mukhtar ibn Abi Ubayda Thaqafi. [9] Khattabiyya, this sect is attributed to a person named Muhammad ibn Muqlas Asadi Kufi Ajda', a well-known as Abu al-Khattab; Ayatollah Khu'i (may God have mercy on him) referred to him as "لعنه الله" and "غال".[10] Umiriyya, which is attributed to a person named Aumayr ibn Bayan Ajli. [11] Secret Companions (Serriyya), Serri was one of the leaders of the Ghalat during the time of Imam Sadiq (AS), who was cursed by the Imam. [12] Bashariyya (Shu'ayriyya), this sect is attributed to Bashshar Shu'ayri, who lived during the time of Imam Sadiq and Imam Kazim (AS) and passed away in 180 AH. [13] The sects that have deviated from Islam due to Ghulu are numerous. Those interested in learning about them should refer to the books written on this subject.[14] [1] . Ghāliān: Kāveshi dar jaryānhā va barāyandhā tā pāyān-e sadeh-ye sevom (Ghalian: An Investigation into the Currents and Results Until the End of the Third Century): Safari Furoshani, Nematullah, p. 37. [2] . Ibid.: p. 38. [3] . Maqālāt al-Islāmiyyīn wa Ikhtilāf al-Musallīn (Articles on the Muslims and the Differences of the Muslims): Al-Ash'ari, Abu al-Hasan, vol. 1, p. 6. [4] . Firaq al-Shī’a (Shiite sects): Nobakhti, Hassan bin Musa, p. 22 / Many stories have been made about Abdullah bin Saba: Tarikh al-Tabari: al-Tabari, Ibn Jarir, vol. 3, p. 378. [5] . Ikhtiyār Ma’rifat al-Rijāl (Rijāl al-Kashshī):Al-Shaykh Al-Tusi, Volume: 1, Page: 324. [6] . Firaq al-Shī’a (Shiite sects): Nobakhti, Hassan bin Musa, p. 27. [7] . Maqālāt al-Islāmiyyīn wa Ikhtilāf al-Musallīn (Articles on the Muslims and the Differences of the Muslims): Al-Ash'ari, Abu al-Hasan, vol. 1, p. 12. [8] . Al-Ghaybah: Al-Shaykh Al-Tusi, Vol: 1, P. 398. / Firaq al-Shī’a (Shiite sects): Nobakhti, Hassan bin Musa, p. 93 / Syrian Alawites from Formation to Empowerment: Dr. Masoud Akhavan Kazemi; Sara Weisi, Shia Studies Quarterly, Pages 147 to 186, Year 10, Issue 38, Summer 1391. [9] . Firaq al-Shī’a (Shiite sects): Nobakhti, Hassan bin Musa, p. 23. [10] . Mu’jam Rijal al-Hadith: vol. 15, p. 271. [11] . Dā’irat al-Ma’ārif-e Bozorg-e Islāmī (The Great Islamic Encyclopedia): vol. 11, p. 314. [12] . Firaq al-Shī’a (Shiite sects): Nobakhti, Hassan bin Musa, p. 43. [13] . Ghāliān: Kāveshi dar jaryānhā va barāyandhā tā pāyān-e sadeh-ye sevom (Ghalian: An Investigation into the Currents and Results Until the End of the Third Century): Safari Furoshani, Nematullah, p. 111. [14] . Books such as Firaq al-Shī’a (Shiite sects): Nobakhti, Hassan bin Musa. / Maqālāt al-Islāmiyyīn wa Ikhtilāf al-Musallīn (Articles on the Muslims and the Differences of the Muslims): Al-Ash'ari, Abu al-Hasan. / Ghāliān: Kāveshi dar jaryānhā va barāyandhā tā pāyān-e sadeh-ye sevom (Ghalian: An Investigation into the Currents and Results Until the End of the Third Century): Safari Furoshani, Nematullah.

How can Ghulu (exaggeration) be countered? Ghulu (extremism in religious beliefs) is a major problem that can cause religious and social harm in society. To counter this phenomenon, attention to Islamic teachings, the use of rational principles, and following the traditions of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) offer effective solutions. In the following, methods of countering Ghulu will be discussed in simple language: 1. Following the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) as the best model The best way to counter Ghulu is to follow and act upon the sayings and behavior of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) and to take them as role models. As the Prophet (SAW) said: “They are with the truth, and the truth is with them,”[1] Imam Ali (AS) says: No one from this Ummah can be compared to the Ahl al-Bayt of Muhammad (SAW), and no one whose blessings have been bestowed because of Ahl al-Bayt (AS) can ever be equated with them. They are the foundation of religion and the pillar of certainty. Whoever exaggerates must return to them, and whoever lags behind must join them. [2] Imam Reza (AS) also says: We, the family of Muhammad (SAW), are on the middle path, which the exaggerators do not comprehend and the laggards do not surpass. [3] Imam Baqir (AS) says: Go to the east and west; but you will not find correct knowledge except what comes from us, the Ahl al-Bayt. [4] Therefore, following and taking the Imams (AS) as role models will prevent believers from extremism and will guide them onto the “straight path.” 2. Correct religious education One of the most important ways to counter exaggeration is through principled and correct religious education. When people have a correct understanding of the fundamental beliefs and laws, they are less likely to fall into exaggeration or laxity. Imam Ali (AS) says: O people, the perfection of religion is in the pursuit of knowledge and acting upon it, and be aware that acquiring knowledge is more obligatory than seeking wealth. [5] Correct learning and understanding of religion can prevent individuals from falling into the trap of exaggeration. 3. Emphasis on Moderation and Balance The Holy Quran and the narrations of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) have always invited Muslims to moderation and balance in beliefs and actions; the holy Quran stated: "وَكَذَٰلِكَ جَعَلْنَاكُمْ أُمَّةً وَسَطًا",[6] And thus We have made you a middle nation; In explaining this verse, Imam Baqir (AS) says: We are the most moderate group, as Allah says in this verse: "وَ كَذلِكَ جَعَلْناکُمْ أُمَّةً وَسَطاً"; he who has risen too high [gone beyond the truth] must return to us [who are in the middle], and he who has fallen behind must reach us. [7] This emphasis on "moderation" is the best approach to prevent exaggeration. Moderation in beliefs and lifestyle keeps Muslims from deviating towards extremism or laxity. 4. Scientific and Logical Criticism of Beliefs Paying attention to scientific criticism and logical analysis of beliefs is also very effective in confronting exaggeration; in the book Al-Fusul Al-Mukhtara by Al-Shaykh al-Mufīd, many discussions are presented about criticizing extremist beliefs and providing logical reasons for refuting them; [8] this approach helps clarify the truth and prevent misleading. 5. Warning and Caution against Exaggeration The Infallibles (AS) always explicitly warned people against falling into the trap of exaggeration. For example, Imam Ali (AS) said: "Two groups will be destroyed concerning me: one, enemies who will exaggerate in hatred and enmity, and the other, friends who will exaggerate in their love for me and go beyond the limit." [9] These words show that even love for the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) should not exceed the limits of moderation, as excessive love can also be harmful. In a narration from Imam Sadiq (AS), it is also mentioned that he forbade praying behind an exaggerator. [10] These prohibitions double the importance of knowing the correct path and acting in moderation. 6. Disavowal and Confrontation with Exaggerators In many cases, the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) even distanced themselves from exaggerators and explicitly expressed their disapproval of them. Imam Ali (AS) said: “O Allah, I hate the extremists, just as Jesus, son of Mary, hated the extremists among the Christians. O Allah, forsake them forever and do not help any of them!”[11] The other Imams of the Household of Prophethood also strongly rejected the exaggerators. [12] 7. The Role of Enemies in Creating Excess Some extremist and deviant currents stem from the plots of enemies to destroy the image of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS). The enemies of religion, by fabricating exaggerated statements about the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) and attributing them to the Imams (AS), sought to mislead people and distance them from the Ahl al-Bayt (AS). Imam Reza (AS) clearly states: “Our opponents have fabricated stories about our virtues and categorized them into three types: first, exaggeration; second, laxity regarding our status; and third, a direct mention of the faults of our enemies. When people hear the exaggerations about us, they label our followers as infidels and accuse them of believing in our divinity. When they encounter the laxity, they begin to believe it applies to us. And when they hear explicit mention of our enemies’ faults, they insult us by name.” [13] Therefore, recognizing these plots and being aware of the source of extremist beliefs is another way to combat exaggeration. 8. Use of Media and Communication Tools In today's world, communication tools can play an important role in enlightenment and awareness. Publishing articles, holding discussion sessions, and using social networks to promote correct religious viewpoints can help reduce exaggeration, as the recommendation of the Holy Quran is the same; the Quran says in one place: "Invite to the way of your Lord with wisdom and good counsel and argue with them in a way that is best;" [14] and in another place it says: "And there should be among you a group who invite to good, enjoin what is right, and forbid what is wrong. And it is they who are successful." [15] Conclusion In summary, by utilizing proper religious education, following the traditions of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS), promoting moderation, scientific analysis, etc., we can avoid exaggeration and extremism in religious beliefs and move towards moderation and balance in religion, creating a balanced, aware society free from religious extremism and excess. [1] . Ali (AS) ma’a al-haqq wa al-haqq ma’a Ali (AS): Abū Ma’āsh, Sa’īd, Vol: 1, P: 51. [2] . Nahj al-Balagha: Imam Ali (AS), sermon 2. [3] . Al-Kafi: Sheikh Al-Kulayni Vol: 1 P: 101. [4] . Ibid.: P: 399. [5] . Tuḥaf al-'Uqūl: Ibn Sha'ba al-Hārānī, Vol:1, P:199. [6] . Al-Baqarah: 143. [7] . Bihar al-Anwar: Al-Allameh al-Majlisi, Vol: 23, P: 349. [8] . Al-Fusul al-Mukhtara: Al-Shaykh al-Mufīd. [9] . Nahj al-Balagha: Imam Ali (AS), Hikmat 117. / Bihar al-Anwar: al-Allamah al-Majlisi; Vol: 34, P: 307. [10] . Tahdhib Al-Ahkam: Sheikh Tusi, Vol. 3, p. 31. [11] . Al-Amali: Sheikh Tusi Vol. 1 Page: 650. [12] . For further reading refer to the book "Ahlul Bayt (AS) in the Quran and Hadith" under the title “Ahlul Bayt’s Dislike of Exaggerators”: Ahlul Bayt (AS) in the Quran and Hadith: Mohammadi Rayshahri, Muhammad, Vol. 2, p. 810. [13] . Uyun Akhbar Al-Ridha (AS): Sheikh Al-Saduq, Vol: 1, P: 304. [14] . An-Nahl: 125. [15] . Al-Imran: 104

What is Nubuwwah (Prophethood) and the Difference Between Nubuwwah and Risalah (Messengership)? Meaning of Nubuwwah: The Arabic word "Nubuwwah" (prophethood) is derived from the root "naba," which encompasses meanings such as to inform,[1] a high place, [2] a clear path, [3] and a hidden voice. [4] In Islamic terminology, Nubuwwah refers to a position that guides a person toward either happiness or misery. [5] Some key definitions of Nubuwwah are as follows: • Allama Hilli: A Nabi is an individual who delivers the divine message directly from Allah without any intermediary. [6] • Allama Kashif al-Ghita: Nubuwwah is a status granted to invite people toward the truth. [7] • Allama Tabatabai: A Nabi is someone who explains both the fundamental and detailed principles of religion, showing the path to the worldly and spiritual success of people. This position is a divine blessing for guiding humanity toward happiness.[8] • Ayatollah Subhani: A Nabi is someone who receives teachings directly from the unseen realm, becoming a direct recipient of Allah's manifestation. [9] Therefore, Nubuwwah is a divine selection whereby Allah reveals His knowledge to a chosen servant, guiding humanity toward righteousness. [10] It is important to note that belief in Nubuwwah is essential in Islam and all Abrahamic religions. [11] Meaning of Risalah: Before exploring the differences between Nubuwwah and Risalah, it is important to define "Rasul" and "Risalah": • The term "Rasul" (Messenger) in Arabic means a bringer of news or a sent one. [12] • In technical terms, a Rasul is one who carries a specific divine message, often involving a warning of punishment or destruction for those who reject the message.[13] Another definition is that a Rasul is someone who receives divine commandments through intermediaries, such as angels, and Gabriel delivers Allah's commands to them. [14] Differences Between a Nabi (Prophet) and a Rasul (Messenger): • General and Specific Relationship: One of the key aspects of the relationship between Nubuwwah and Risalah is that Risalah is a more specific concept than Nubuwwah. In other words, every Rasul is a Nabi, but not every prophet is necessarily a Rasul. Some Nabis reach the status of Rasuls, while others do not. This is often described as a general and specific relationship. [15] As Shaykh Mufid and Shaykh Tabarsi state: "Every Rasul is a Nabi, but not every Nabi is a Rasul." [16] Some scholars have disagreed with this view, asserting that there is an equal relationship between the concepts of a Nabi and a Rasul in terms of their meaning. They have argued that wherever there is Nubuwwah, there has also been Risalah, and that Nabis without a Risalah are rare and few in number. These rare instances are not sufficient to determine the general rule, and furthermore, a Nubuwwah without a Risalah lacks a clear meaning. [17] When these two terms are used together, as in the verse "And We did not send before you any messenger or prophet except that when he spoke, Satan threw into his wish,"[18] the terms "Nabi" and "Rasul" are defined as follows: "A Nabi" refers to an individual who receives teachings directly from the unseen realm without an intermediary, and Allah reveals Himself to him without any means. On the other hand, "a Rasul" refers to one who receives divine messages through intermediaries and means, such as an angel or others. [19] Nubuwwah is considered to have a higher rank than Risalah. [20] • Revelation Reception: A Rasul receives revelation both during wakefulness and sleep, while a Nabi receives revelation only in their sleep. [21] • Intermediary in Receiving the Message: A Rasul receives Allah's revelation through the angel Gabriel. In contrast, a Nabi may receive divine messages through other angels, direct inspiration, or true dreams. [22] • Mission and Duty: A Rasul's primary duty is to deliver God's message to the people, whereas a Nabi does not have the same obligation. Shaykh Tusi also mentions this difference. [23] • Nature of the Status: Nubuwwah involves direct contact with the unseen realm, whereas Risalah is about delivering God's message and fulfilling a specific mission.[24] In conclusion, we can say: • A person who receives the divine message is called a Nabi with respect to receiving the message. • A person who conveys that message to the people is called a Rasul with respect to delivering the message. According to one perspective, Nubuwwah and Risalah are distinct positions, with some individuals being both Nabis and Rasuls. However, from another perspective, they are seen as inherently connected, as wherever there is Nubuwwah, there is also Risalah. The difference arises from the different angles through which these positions are viewed. [1] . Lisan al-Arab: Ibn Manzur, vol. 1, p. 162 / Majma' al-Bahrayn: Turayhi, vol. 1, p. 405. [2] . Lisan al-Arab: Ibn Manzur, vol. 1, p. 163. [3] . Al-'Ayn: Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi, vol. 8, p. 382. [4] . Al-Sihah: Jawhari, vol. 1, p. 74. [5] . Sharh Arba'een Hadith: Imam Khomeini, Sayyid Ruhollah, vol. 1, p. 200. [6] . Bāb al-Hādi 'Ashar: Allama Hilli, p. 8. [7] . Asl al-Shi'a wa Usulaha: Shaykh Muhammad Hasan, Kashif al-Ghita, vol. 1, p. 220. [8] . Tafseer al-Mizan: Allama Tabatabai, vol. 2, p. 210. [9] . Manshur Javid: Shaykh Ja'far Subhani, vol. 3, p. 328. [10] . "A Dialogue Between Three Divine Religions on the Meaning of Prophecy": Azam Parcham, Quarterly Journal of the Faculty of Literature and Humanities (University of Isfahan), Vols. 16 and 17, p. 112. [11] . Daramadi be Shi'a-shanasi: Golpaygani, Rabbani, p. 195. [12] . Al-Mufradat fi Gharib al-Quran: al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Muhammad, al-Raghib al-Isfahani, vol. 1, p. 353. [13] . Al-Mizan fi Tafseer al-Quran: Muhammad Hussain Tabatabai, vol. 2, p. 140. [14] . Manshur Javid: Shaykh Ja'far Subhani, vol. 3, p. 328. [15] . Shahid Mutahari in defining 'Aam and Khaas Mutlaq says: The smaller general category is included within the larger circle. Ashnayi ba 'Olum Islami: Murtaza Mutahari, vol. 1, p. 45. [16] . Awa'il al-Maqalat fi al-Madhahib wa al-Mukhtarāt: Shaykh al-Mufid, part: 1, p. 45 / Majma' al-Bayan fi Tafseer al-Quran: Shaykh al-Tabarsi, vol. 7, p. 163. [17] . Manshur Javid: Shaykh Ja'far Subhani, vol. 3, p. 325. [18] . Hajj: 52. [19] . Manishur Javid: Shaykh Ja'far Subhani, vol. 3, p. 328. [20] . Ibid.: vol. 3, p. 329. [21] . Mu'jam al-Furuq al-Lughawiyya al-Furuq al-Lughawiyya bi Tartib wa Ziyada: Abu Hilal al-‘Askari, vol. 1, p. 531 / Usul al-Kafi: al-Kulaini, vol. 1, p. 176. [22] . Al-Tarifat: Jurjani, p. 105. [23] . Tafseer al-Tabyan: Shaykh al-Tusi, vol. 7, p. 331. [24] . Manshur Javid: Shaykh Ja'far Subhani, vol. 3, p. 324.

What is the perspective of the Quran and the narrations of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) regarding Ghulu? The issue of Ghulu (exaggeration) is a complex and sensitive topic within Islamic beliefs. The Quran and the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) traditions have addressed this matter extensively. Through numerous verses, the Quran warns Muslims against the excesses of Ghulu and encourages moderation. Similarly, the narrations of Ahl al-Bayt (AS) emphasize the importance of avoiding this extremist ideology and striving to protect Muslims from falling into such erroneous beliefs. In this discussion, we will examine the perspectives of the Quran and the narrations regarding Ghulu. By utilizing reliable Islamic sources, we aim to achieve a deeper understanding of this concept. Ghulu in the Quran: The term "Ghulu" appears in two Quranic verses, where it explicitly prohibits excessive claims or beliefs in religion. Allah says: "O People of the Book! Do not exaggerate in your religion, nor utter anything about Allah except the truth. Indeed, the Messiah, Jesus, the son of Mary, was only the messenger of Allah and His word."[1] In another verse, Allah states: "Say, 'O People of the Book! Do not exaggerate in your religion beyond the truth, nor follow the desires of a people who went astray before you and led many astray and strayed from the right path.'"[2] These two verses specifically address the Christians who elevated Jesus to a divine status, equating him with God. The Qur'an warns them against this exaggeration, in continuation of verse 171 of Surah An-Nisa, it mentions that saying, "God is three (a reference to the Christian Trinity) is wrong and should be avoided." [3] However, the Quran also condemns other forms of Ghulu, such as exaggeration concerning religious figures[4] or setting equals to God, [5] and strongly condemns such acts. [6] Ghulu in the narrations of the Ahl al-Bayt: The Ahl al-Bayt have also strongly condemned Ghulu in numerous narrations. [7] For example, Imam Ali (AS) states in Nahj al-Balagha: "Two groups have been destroyed because of me: one group of extremists who elevated me to divine status, and another group of extremist enemies who harbored hatred towards me." [8] Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (AS) said: "The least thing that can take a person out of faith is to sit with someone who exaggerates and listen to his words and believe them. My father narrated from his father, and he from his grandfather, that the Messenger of Allah (SAW) said: 'Two groups from my community will have no share in Islam: the extremists and the Qadariyya.'"[9] Imam Reza (AS) is also reported to have said: "May Allah curse the extremists." He then said, "Do not befriend them or associate with them, and seek refuge in Allah from them. Allah is displeased with them." [10] Conclusion: Based on the Quran and the narrations of the Ahl al-Bayt, it is clear that Ghulu is a serious issue in Islam. It is defined as extremism or exaggeration in religious beliefs and is strongly condemned. By understanding the Quranic verses and the teachings of Ahl al-Bayt, Muslims can avoid the pitfalls of Ghulu and strive for a balanced and moderate faith. [1] . An-Nisā’: 171. «یا أَهْلَ الْکِتابِ لا تَغْلُوا فِی دِینِکُمْ وَ لا تَقُولُوا عَلَی اللهِ إِلَّا الْحَقَّ إِنَّمَا الْمَسِیحُ عِیسَی ابْنُ مَرْیَمَ رَسُولُ اللهِ وَ کَلِمَتُهُ» [2] . Al-Mā'idah: 77. «قُلْ یا أَهْلَ الْکِتابِ لا تَغْلُوا فِی دِینِکُمْ غَیْرَ الْحَقِّ وَ لا تَتَّبِعُوا أَهْواءَ قَوْمٍ قَدْ ضَلُّوا مِنْ قَبْلُ وَ أَضَلُّوا کَثِیراً وَ ضَلُّوا عَنْ سَواءِ السَّبِیلِ» [3] . For further reading, refer to: Ghulū: Haqīqat va Aqsām-e Ān (Ghalu: Facts and Types): Sayyid Kamāl Haidari; Tarjumah-ye Pajāhuškadeh-ye Hajj va Ziyārat. / Ghulū az Didgāh-e Tashayu'(Ghulu from the perspective of Shia): Ali Ansāri Bouyrahmadī, p: 20. [4] . Al-Tawbah: 31 «اتَّخَذُوا أَحْبَارَهُمْ وَ رُهْبَانَهُمْ أَرْبَابًا مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ وَ الْمَسِيحَ ابْنَ مَرْيَمَ وَمَا أُمِرُوا إِلَّا لِيَعْبُدُوا إِلَٰهًا وَاحِدًا ۖ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ ۚ سُبْحَانَهُ عَمَّا يُشْرِكُونَ» Al- Tawbah: 30 «وَ قَالَتِ الْيَهُودُ عُزَيْرٌ ابْنُ اللَّهِ وَقَالَتِ النَّصَارَى الْمَسِيحُ ابْنُ اللَّهِ ۖ ذَٰلِكَ قَوْلُهُمْ بِأَفْوَاهِهِمْ ۖ يُضَاهِئُونَ قَوْلَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا مِنْ قَبْلُ ۚ قَاتَلَهُمُ اللَّهُ ۚ أَنَّىٰ يُؤْفَكُونَ» Āl ‘Imrān: 79 «مَا كَانَ لِبَشَرٍ أَنْ يُؤْتِيَهُ اللَّهُ الْكِتَابَ وَ الْحُكْمَ وَالنُّبُوَّةَ ثُمَّ يَقُولَ لِلنَّاسِ كُونُوا عِبَادًا لِي مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ وَلَٰكِنْ كُونُوا رَبَّانِيِّينَ بِمَا كُنْتُمْ تُعَلِّمُونَ الْكِتَابَ وَ بِمَا كُنْتُمْ تَدْرُسُونَ» [5] . Ar-Ra‘d: 16 «أَمْ جَعَلُوا لِلَّهِ شُرَكَاءَ خَلَقُوا كَخَلْقِهِ فَتَشَابَهَ الْخَلْقُ عَلَيْهِمْ ۚ قُلِ اللَّهُ خَالِقُ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ وَهُوَ الْوَاحِدُ الْقَهَّارُ» [6] . Refer to: Ghulū va Tafvīż dar Gostareh āyāt va Ravāyāt ahl-e Bayt(Exaggeration and delegation in the interpretation of the verses and narrations of the Ahlul Bayt (AS)): Sayyid Alī Reza Mūsavī. [7] . Refer to: Uyun Akhbar Al-Ridha (AS): Sheikh Al-Saduq, Vol: 2, P: 200 (Chapter: What was narrated from Al-Ridha (AS) in the face of the evidence of the Imams (AS) and the response to the extremists and the Mufawwidah, may Allah curse them) / Bihar al-Anwar: Allamah al-Majlisi Vol: 25, P: 261 (Chapter on the denial of exaggeration of the Prophet and the Imams) [8] . Nahjul Balagha: Al-Sharif Al-Murtada, p: 184, Sermon 127. [9] . Al-Khisal: Sheikh Al-Saduq, Vol: 1, P: 72. [10] . Uyun Akhbar Al-Rida (AS): Sheikh Al-Saduq, Vol: 2, P: 202.

What is Ghulu (Exaggeration) and What Are Its Levels? Ghulu (Exaggeration) is one of the key concepts in Islam, particularly among Shia scholars. Linguistically, it means to exceed a limit or go beyond moderation.[1] In a religious context, Shaykh Mufid defines Ghulu as: “going beyond the bounds and exceeding moderation regarding the status of Prophets and Imams.”[2] Therefore, the Ghulu discussed in jurisprudence and theological books, and those who believe in it are considered infidels and impure, is the belief in things such as someone considering the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and the Imams (AS) as God and the worshipped, or attributing prophethood and prophethood to the Imams (AS), or believing that with the Wilayah and love of the household of prophethood, there is no need for worship and obedience, and abstinence from sins, and similar beliefs that are either Shirk or denial of essentials, which in both cases is infidelity.[3] The infallible Imams (AS) themselves said: Do not say about us what we did not say about ourselves.[4] For example, a person asked Imam Baqir (AS): Who is a Ghali? Imam Baqir (AS) said: They are a group who say things about us that we never said about ourselves.[5] Types of Ghulu (Exaggeration) Different types and levels of Ghulu have been mentioned by Shia scholars. For example, the late Shahid Sadr (RA) categorizes Ghulu into three main levels: 1. Ghulu in the level of divinity: Ghulu in the level of divinity means that an individual about whom Ghulu occurs is interpreted as being God or a partner to God; this partnership can be in two ways: either that individual is considered equal in rank and status to God, or he is placed in one of the levels of divinity; sometimes Ghulu is interpreted as the incarnation of God in something or union with him; these interpretations are considered infidelity, because the first type necessitates the denial of God, the second type denies Tawhid and monotheism, and the third type is the belief in the divinity of a being other than God. 2. Ghulu regarding prophethood: Exaggeration regarding prophethood sometimes means considering the person being exaggerated about as superior to the Prophet or considering him/her a link between God and the Prophet; sometimes it also means the equality of the person being exaggerated about with the Prophet in a way that the Prophet's mission does not include him/her; all these are considered Kufr (disbelief), because it contradicts the meaning of bearing witness to the prophethood of the Prophet of Islam (SAW) for all humanity. 3. Ghulu in attributes and actions that are exclusive to God: Exaggeration in attributes and actions means attributing attributes or actions to a person who is not at that level and is not an example of those attributes; if these attributes or actions, which are exclusive to God, are among the essentials of religion, this exaggeration falls under the title of denying the essentials of religion and is considered Kufr; otherwise, it will not be disbelief.[6] In general, the most important exaggerated beliefs among Shiites can be stated as follows: First: Claiming divinity for the Prophet and Imam. Second: Claiming prophethood for the Imams. Third: Claiming knowledge of the unseen for the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) without divine inspiration and teaching; among the sayings of the exaggerators about the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) is the claim that they have knowledge of the unseen independently and without divine inspiration or teaching. Fourth: Belief in the transmigration of the souls of the Imams; those who believe in transmigration deny bodily resurrection and believe that transmigration means the transfer of the rational soul after death from one body to another human body in this world. This group of exaggerators claims that the souls of the Imams transmigrate among themselves. Fifth: Claiming independent delegation; among the sayings of the exaggerators is that God Almighty has delegated the work of servants, such as bringing to life, killing, providing sustenance, forgiveness, prohibition, and the like, to the Prophet (SAW) and the Ahl al-Bayt (AS). Also, God Almighty has delegated the task of legislation to the Prophet and the Imams (AS). Therefore, they independently manage the affairs of people, both in the world of creation and in the world of legislation.[7] Several other classifications have also been presented for exaggeration,[8] all of which return to the same matters mentioned. Conclusion: In conclusion, it should be stated that the issue of the Imams' knowledge of the unseen, their constitutive wilayah, their pure and luminous nature, and the miracles and wonders they performed has always been discussed in theological books, and its limits have been defined. The implication of Imam Ali's (AS) hadith, "Beware of exaggeration concerning us. Say that we are servants who are worshipped, and say whatever you wish about our virtues,"[9] or his saying, "Do not surpass our servitude, then say whatever you wish, and you will not reach [the truth],"[10] and Imam Sadiq's (AS) statement, "Consider us created servants and say whatever you wish about us except prophethood,"[11] all indicate that although the position of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) is very honorable, and no matter what we say or think about them, we will not reach the essence of their being and exalted position, but we should not raise them above the level of servitude, creation, and being worshipped, and attribute to them qualities that contradict the essentials of religion.[12] [1]. Al-Nihaya fi Gharib al-Hadith wa al-Athar: Majd al-Din ibn al-Athir, vol. 3, p. 382. / Lisan al-Arab: Ibn Manzur, vol. 15, p. 133. [2]. Taṣḥīḥ al-i'tiqād: al-Shaykh al-Mufid/p. 131. For further study, refer to The Role of Ghulu in the Deviation of Beliefs and Thoughts: Muhammad Hilli, pp. 25-28. / Ghulu and Tafwid in the Scope of the Verses and Narrations of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS): Sayyid Alireza Mousavi, pp. 4-11. [3]. Wilayah at-takwiniyyah and Wilayah at-tashri’iyyah: Sheikh Luṭf Allāh Ṣāfī Golpayegānī, p. 41. [4]. Al-Kafi, Islamic Edition: Al-Kulayni, vol. 2, p. 298. "َا تَقُلْ فِينَا مَا لَا نَقُولُ فِي أَنْفُسِنَا فَإِنَّكَ مَوْقُوفٌ وَ مَسْئُولٌ لَا مَحَالَة" [5]. Ibid.: Al-Kulayni, vol. 2, p. 75. [6]. Researches in the Explanation of al-Uruwah al-Wuthqa: Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr, vol. 3, p. 306. [7]. Ghulu: Its Reality and Types: Sayyid Kamal Haydari, translated by the Hajj and Pilgrimage Research Center, pp. 27-42. / The Role of Ghulu in the Deviation of Beliefs and Thoughts: Muhammad Hilli, p. 31. / Ghulu and Tafwid in the Scope of the Verses and Narrations of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS): Sayyid Alireza Mousavi, p. 12. [8]. Similar to the words of the late Sabzwari: Muhadhab al-Ahkam fi Bayan al-Halal wa al-Haram: Sayyid Abd al-Ali al-Sabzwari, vol. 1, p. 382. [9]. Al-Khisal: Al-Saduq, vol. 2, p. 614. [10]. Al-Ihtijaj: Al-Tabarsi, Abu Mansur, vol. 2, p. 438. / Tafsir al-Imam al-Askari: Attributed to Imam al-Askari, vol. 1, p. 50. [11]. Al-Khara'ij wa al-Jara'ih: Al-Rawandi, Qutb al-Din, vol. 2, p. 735. [12]. Farhang Ghadir: Jawad Muhaddith, published by Ma'ruf, Qom, 1387, p. 448

When did exaggeration (ghulu) begin in Islam? Exaggeration, or ghulu, refers to extremism and excessive beliefs in religion, a phenomenon that has persisted throughout human history.[1] Evidence of exaggeration in relation to natural beings, humans, prophets, and angels can be found in religions preceding Islam, as indicated by Quranic reports. [2] In Islamic history, exaggeration is a significant and complex issue that has emerged from the very beginning of Islam, impacting Islamic societies in various ways over time. One of the earliest instances of extreme beliefs occurred during the Prophet Muhammad's lifetime, [3] following the death of his son Ibrahim. Historians report that during Ibrahim’s death, a solar eclipse took place, and some individuals attributed this event to the death of the Prophet’s son. The Prophet confronted and rejected this belief. [4] Even after the death of the Prophet, some Sunni writers have gone so far as to exaggerate the status of the caliphs, considering them superior to the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and claiming that the Prophet (SAW) was merely continuing the path of the caliphs. [5] Exaggeration is clearly addressed in the teachings of the Prophet (SAW) and the Imams (AS), [6] who strongly criticized it in many narrations. For example, Abū Rāfiʿ al-Qurazī and Sayyid Najrānī approached the Prophet (SAW) and said: “O Muhammad! Do you want us to worship you and call you God?” The Prophet responded, “I seek refuge with God! We do not worship anyone but the one God, and we do not command worship of anyone else. I was not sent for such a purpose, nor was I commanded to do so.” [7] The Imams (AS), following the example of the Prophet (SAW), treated exaggerators severely, showing no leniency with them. Here are a few examples from reliable narrations: · A group visited Imam Ali (AS) and said, “You are our Lord, you created us, and you provided for us.” After advising and warning them, Imam Ali (AS) told them to repent and stop such statements. When they refused, he severely punished them. [8] · When Mufaddal asked Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (AS) about the Muqassira and the Murtafīʿa (exaggerators), Imam Ja'far (AS) replied, "The Muqassira are those whom God guided to the virtue of our knowledge and revealed our secrets to them, but they doubted us, denied our grace, and claimed it was not God who gave them knowledge and power. The Murtafīʿa, on the other hand, are those who, out of love and loyalty to us, have attributed to the Imams ranks that hold no truth. They are not from us, and we are not from them, nor are their leaders from us. These individuals will face punishment similar to that of the rebellious nations." [9] · Abū Hāshim al-Ja'farī said, "I asked Imam al-Ridā (AS) about the exaggerators and the Mufawwiḍah. He said: 'Exaggerators are disbelievers, and the Mufawwiḍah are polytheists. Associating with them, trusting them, drinking with them, interacting with them, marrying them, sheltering them, trusting them, supporting and assisting them, even by the slightest amount, leads to apostasy from the authority of God, His Messenger, and the authority of us, the Ahlul Bayt.'"[10] · In another narration from Imam al-Ridā (AS), when people asked him about a rumor saying that he claimed people were slaves to the Ahlul Bayt, he responded, “O God, You are the Creator of the heavens and the earth and know the unseen and the seen! You are a witness that I have never said such a thing, and none of my ancestors have ever said it either. These accusations are also part of the oppression these people have inflicted on us." [11] There are many other narrations on this topic. For further study, you can refer to the books written on this subject. [12] Based on the points discussed, it is clear that exaggeration (ghulu) has existed in Islam from its early days and has gradually caused many divisions and challenges within the Muslim community. Exaggeration has been strongly condemned in both the Quran and the narrations of the Ahlul Bayt (AS). This highlights the importance of moderation in religion and avoiding excessiveness to preserve the integrity of Islamic beliefs. [1] . Ghulu (An Introduction to the Thoughts and Beliefs of the Ghalians in Religion): Salehi Najafabadi, p. 19. / Ghulu from the Shiite Perspective: Ali Ansari Boyer Ahmadi, p. 20. [2] . Ghulu (An Exploration of Currents and Outcomes): Safari Furoshani, p. 31-33. [3] . Ghulu (An Introduction to the Thoughts and Beliefs of the Ghalians in Religion): Salehi Najafabadi, p. 64. [4] . Ansab al-Ashraf: Balazari, 1417 AH, vol. 1, p. 452; / Bihar al-Anwar: Majlesi, 1403 AH, vol. 79, p. 91. [5] . Al-Ghadir: Allama Al-Amini Vol: 8 Page: 49. / Ghulu from the Shiite Perspective: Ali Ansari Boyer Ahmadi, p. 24. [6] . Al-Kafi: Al-Sheikh Al-Kulayni, vol. 4, p. 153. [7] . Bihar Al-Anwar: vol. 25, p. 262. [8] . Ibid.: Al-Allama Al-Majlesi, vol. 25, p. 299. [9] . Al-Hidayah Al-Kubra: Husayn bin Hamdan Al-Khasibi, p. 431. [10] . Bihar Al-Anwar: Al-Allama Al-Majlesi, vol. 25, p. 273. [11] . Ayoun Akhbar Al-Rida: Al-Sheikh Al-Saduq, vol. 1, p. 197. [12] . Ghulu (An Introduction to the Thoughts and Beliefs of the Ghalians in Religion😞 Salehi Najafabadi. / Ghulu from the Shiite Perspective: Ali Ansari Boyer Ahmadi.

How Old Was Lady Fatima (s.a) When She Was Martyred? Intro There are two main theories regarding the Lady’s age; one suggests that she was 18 and is supported by Shiites, and the other one, which is advocated by Sunnites, claims her to be 28 when she set to meet her beloved father in the next life. The source of disagreement is because the exact time of Fatima’s (s.a) birthday is a place of debate. If the Lady was 18 then she must have been born after Hijra and if she was 28, there’s no choice but to say she was born before Bi’tha. Let's take a brief look at the narratives and evidence provided by both sides. The Sunnite’s theory Although the said age for the Lady from the Sunnite is not the only theory among them, it is more accepted than others. For example, there’s a narrative in which the birthday is on the 41st year of the noble prophet’s life. To support that Fatima (s.a) was 28, certain narrations were presented by them: 1) Ibn Is’haaq[1] says ALL Rasulullah’s children were born before Bi’tha except Ibrahim[2] 2) Ibn Jawzi[3] says Fatima (s.a) was born around 5 years before Bi’tha during the rebuilding of Ka’ba. 3) Al-Waqidi[4] claims that She was born when Ka’ba was being built, and Rasulullah (s.a.w.s) was 35 years old. Contradiction of the narrative with authentic hadiths from the Sunnite sources All these famous scholars have said the same thing regarding the Lady’s birthday but seems like they were oblivious to their hadiths! There are some hadiths with the same context in which the birthday of Lady Fatima (s.a) was after Rasulullah’s Meraj.[5]. These hadiths are accepted by Sunnite as well:[6] 1. As-Suyuti[7] narrates in his book, called “ad-Durar al-Manthur”, under Ayah al-Miraj that Lady Khadija conceived Lady Fatima (s.a) after Rasulullah (s.a.w.s) returned from his divine ascension (Miraj) 2. A similar narrative is transmitted in Mustadrak as-Sahihayn from Sa’d ibn Malik. It is also added to the end that whenever Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.s) longed for paradise, he’d go to Lady Fatima (s.a) 3. Dhakha’ir al-Uqba and Tarikh Baghdad, in two spots, also narrate a similar version of the narration. The authenticity of the mentioned hadith, which is narrated in various sources with valid chains according to the Sunnite perspective, clearly establishes that the theory suggesting the Lady was born before Bi'tha is firmly unacceptable. The Shiite Theory Unlike Sunnites, Shiites mostly believe that the Lady was born after Bi’tha, with a 5-year difference. This theory not only aligns with the aforementioned hadith but is also firmly supported by additional hadiths: 1. Kashf al-Qumma, vol. 1, p. 449 à Imam al-Baqir (a.s): "Fatima was born five years after Allah revealed His prophethood to His Prophet and sent down revelation upon him, while Quraysh was building the Kaaba. She passed away at the age of eighteen." 2. Usoul al-Kafi, vol. 2, p. 457à also from Imam al-Baqir: "Fatima, the daughter of Muhammad, peace be upon him and his family, was born five years after the Prophet's mission and passed away at the age of eighteen years and seventy-five days." Conclusion Rasulullah’s divine ascension (Miraj) is widely acknowledged to have occurred after his Bi’tha. Consequently, the hadiths indicating that Lady Fatima was born after the Miraj contradict the Sunni perspective. In contrast, the Shia viewpoint aligns with these hadiths and is supported by additional exclusive traditions. Ultimately, we can confidently assert that the Shia theory is more accurate and closer to the truth. [1] The famous Sunnite historian and biographer from Medina. [2] The infant son of Rasulullah (s.a.w.s) who died very young, before reaching 2 years of age. [3] The famous Sunnite jurist and historian of the sixth century. [4] The famous Sunnite historian and biographer of the third century. [5] The event of Rasulullah’s ascension to heaven, which is referred to in Sura al-Isra. [6] Al-FiruzAbadi, Faza’il al-Khamsa min as-Sihah as-Sitta, vol. 2, pp 152-153 [7] Jalal ad-Deen as-Suyuti, the famous Sunnite scholar of the 9th century.

Why did Imam Ali (AS) not react during the insult to Lady Fatimah (SA) and the burning of their house’s door? Firstly, it’s essential to note that throughout Islamic history, similar incidents have occurred where individuals were forced to remain silent due to expediency. This lack of reaction or silence was not exclusive to the event involving Imam Ali (AS). For instance, during the conversion of the family of Ammar, his mother and father were martyred under torture, Prophet Muhammad (SAW) witnessed this suffering, yet he consoled them, saying, “O family of Yasir, be patient, for your promised abode is Paradise.”[1] Even during the rebellion against Caliph Uthman, there were instances. For example, Soudan ibn Hamran attacked Uthman, severing his wife’s finger, and behaved inappropriately towards Uthman's wife. [2] In another account, a witness stated that during the attack on Uthman’s house, he saw Uthman’s wife coming out, and he struck her. Uthman looked on and cursed but did not react. [3] Is it reasonable to question why Uthman did not defend his wife or respond to the insults and attacks against her? Imam Ali (AS) did respond when they tried to harm his wife, confronting Umar, knocking him down, and striking his face and neck. But because he was commanded to be patient, he refrained from further confrontation. Imam Ali (AS) wanted to convey that if he hadn’t been ordered to endure patiently, no one would have dared to even think of such actions against him. His unwavering commitment to divine orders guided his behavior. Alusi, a prominent Sunni commentator, narrates an account from Shia sources,[4] describing the incident: Umar became angry, set fire to the door of Imam Ali’s house, and entered. Fatimah (SA) rushed toward Umar, crying out, ‘O father, O Messenger of Allah!’ Umar drew his sword, which was in its sheath, and struck Fatimah’s side. He then raised the sword to strike her arm. Witnessing this, Imam Ali (AS) suddenly rose, seized Umar by the collar, pulled him forcefully, and threw him to the ground, striking his nose and neck. [5] Despite enduring immense hardships during this event, Imam Ali (AS) followed the command he had received from Prophet Muhammad (SAW) to remain patient. In the book ‘Khasa’is al-A’imma,’ Seyyed Razi refers to this incident and writes that Prophet Muhammad (SAW) instructed Imam Ali (AS): ‘Be patient with whatever comes to you from this group until they advance against me.’[6] In other words, Imam Ali (AS) was ordered to endure patiently in the face of adversity. In a lengthy narration from Solim ibn Qays al-Hilali, it is reported that Imam Ali (AS) said to Umar: ‘O son of Sohak, if it were not for the divine decree and the covenant made by the Messenger of Allah (SAW) regarding me, you would know that you would not be able to enter my house.’ [7] Therefore, the primary reason for Imam Ali’s behavior lies in his unwavering commitment to divine orders. He exemplified complete submission to the will of Allah, as emphasized in the verse: ‘Whatever the Messenger has given you, take; and what he has forbidden you, refrain from.’[8] Imam Ali (AS) adhered to this command. In another narration, Prophet Muhammad (SAW) said to Imam Ali (AS): ‘When your rights are violated and your sanctity is dishonored, be patient!’ Imam Ali (AS) responded: 'By the God who split the seed and created people, I heard that Gabriel said to the Prophet (SAW): ‘O Muhammad! Inform Ali that his sanctity will be violated.’ In continuation, Imam Ali (AS) said: ‘I accepted and consented, even though my sanctity would be violated, and traditions would be neglected…’ [9] It is worth noting that the reason for the command to exercise patience by the Prophet (SAW) was based on the interests, which were expressed differently in the words of Imam Ali. Where He said: ‘I have observed that patience in this matter is better than creating division among the Muslims and shedding their blood. Especially since people had recently converted to Islam, and the nascent religion of Islam is like a delicate plant that any neglect can lead to its corruption, and even the slightest force can destroy it.’ [10] The Imam's (AS) words conveyed that any internal conflict within the Islamic nation, specifically in Medina, could jeopardize the lives of the Prophet's family.[11] Such strife would create an opportunity for the enemies of Islam and hypocrites to easily uproot the young foundations of Islam. This concern was particularly pressing given the looming threat of an attack from the Roman Emperor, whose forces were stationed at the borders of the Islamic territory. Several conflicts had already occurred between the Roman army and the Islamic forces. The danger was so significant that Rasulullah’s final command was to mobilize an army to the borders to deter any potential Roman invasion. [12] Therefore, according to Shia narrations, the primary reason for Imam Ali’s patience during this incident was the explicit command from Prophet Muhammad (SAW) to endure patiently. This command aimed to preserve the unity of Muslims and prevent internal conflicts. [1] . Ansab al-Ashraf: al-Baladhuri, Vol: 1, P: 158 / Al-Isti’ab fi Tamyiz al-Sahaba: al-Asqalani, Ibn Hajar, Vol: 8, P: 190. [2] . Tarikh al-Tabari (History of Prophets and Kings): Tabari, Abu Jaafar, Vol: 4, P: 391 / Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh: Al-Jazari, Izz al-Din ibn al-Athir Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad (died 630 AH), Vol. 2, p. 544, edited by Abdullah al-Qadi / Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah: Al-Qurashi al-Dimashqi, Ismail ibn Umar ibn Katheer Abu al-Fida (died 774 AH), Vol. 7, p. 210, Publisher: Maktabat al-Maarif - Beirut. [3] . Karamat al-Awliya (Miracles of the Saints) from the commentary on the beliefs of Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jama’ah: Al-Lalakai, Vol: 9, P: 132. [4] . Kitab Solim ibn Qays Hilali: Al-Hilali, Solim bin Qais, p. 387. [5] . Tafsir Ruh al-Ma’ani: Al-Alusi, Shihab al-Din, Vol: 2, P: 120. [6] . Khasa’is al-A’imma: Sayyid Sharif al-Radi, Vol. 1, p. 73. [7] . Kitab Solim ibn Qays Hilali: Al-Hilali, Solim bin Qais, p. 387. [8] . Al-Hashr: 7. [9] . Al-Kafi: Sheikh Al-Kulayni, Vol: 1, P: 282. [10] . Nahj al-Balagha Commentary: Ibn Abi al-Hadid, Vol. 1, p. 308. [11] . As the Imam also said: "So I pondered and saw that I had no helper except my family, and I was reluctant to sacrifice them for death, and I endured the pain and drank the bitterness and patiently endured the taking of oppression." Nahj al-Balagha: Sayyid Sharif al-Radi, Sermon 26, p. 68. [12] . History of Yaqoubi: Ahmad bin Abi Yaqoob, vol: 2, P: 113.

Why is the Exact Date of Lady Fatimah's (SA) Martyrdom Uncertain? The precise date of Hazrat Fatimah's (SA) martyrdom, the daughter of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and the wife of Imam Ali (AS), has been a subject of considerable debate among Shia Muslims. Various factors contribute to this historical uncertainty. 1. Lack of Precise Historical Records: One of the main reasons for the discrepancy lies in the absence of a precise historical recording system during that time. Most significant events were transmitted orally and were rarely documented in writing. This limitation applies not only to Lady Fatimah’s martyrdom but also to other events related to the Ahl al-Bayt (AS).[1] 2. Challenges in Ancient Writing Systems: Additionally, the style of calligraphy and script prevalent during that period played a crucial role. [2] Kufic script, which lacked diacritical marks (such as dots), was common. This led to potential misreading of similar words, such as “خمسة و سبعون” (75) and “خمسة و تسعون” (95). Such errors in oral transmission of narrations and in handwritten copies contributed to differing opinions regarding the precise date of Lady Fatimah’s martyrdom. Now, let’s explore the different viewpoints regarding the date of her martyrdom: 75 Days After the Prophet's Demise: Some narrations, including those attributed to Imam Sadiq (AS) and Imam Baqir (AS), suggest that Hazrat Fatimah (SA) passed away 75 days after the Prophet's (SAW) death. Al-Kulayni has narrated a hadith from Imam Sadiq (AS) in this regard in his book "Al-Kafi";[3] Allama Majlisi also quotes a hadith from Imam Baqir (AS) confirming this duration in "Bihar al-Anwar".[4] Some historians have also stated that Hazrat Fatimah (SA) passed away 75 days after the Prophet's (SAW) demise. For instance, Ibn Abi Tha'lab Baghdadi writes in his book "Tarikh al-A'imah" that Hazrat Fatimah (SA) lived for 75 days after the Prophet's (SAW) demise. [5] 95 Days After the Prophet’s Demise: Other narrations suggest that Lady Fatimah’s martyrdom occurred 95 days after the Prophet’s passing. For instance, a narration from Jabir ibn Abdullah Ansari mentions that she lived for 95 days after the Prophet’s demise. [6] Prominent scholars, including Sheikh Mufid, [7] Sayyid ibn Tawus, [8] Kaf’ami in “Al-Misbah,” [9] and Allameh Tabarsi in "Alam Al-Wara"[10] assert that Lady Fatimah (SA) passed away on the third of Jumada al-Akhir in the eleventh year after the Hijra. According to this view, she lived for 95 days after her father’s departure. In conclusion, due to the reasons mentioned above and the diversity of narrations, we cannot definitively determine the exact date of Lady Fatimah’s martyrdom. However, what truly matters is our respect for all valid narrations and the observance of mourning ceremonies on both proposed dates. Such reverence is commendable and draws us closer to the Almighty. [1] . For example: Regarding the birth of Imam Hussain (as), it is stated as follows: He was born on the 3rd of Sha'ban in the 4th year of Hijri in Medina, and according to some, he was born on the 5th of Sha'ban in the 4th year of Hijri. Arabization of Muntaha al-Amal in the History of the Prophet and his Family: Al-Milani, Al-Sayyid Hashim, vol. 1, p. 523. [2] To learn more about the calligraphy of that era, you can refer to the article "History of Quranic Calligraphy and Its Evolution" written by Seyyed Mehdi Saif. [3] . Al-Kafi: Sheikh Al-Kulayni, vol. 1, p. 241. [4] . Bihar al-Anwar: Allamah al-Majlisi, Vol. 43, p. 7. [5] . A Precious Collection in the History of the Imams: a Collection of Scholars, Vol. 1, p. 12. [6] . Kifayat al-Athar fi al-Nass ala al-A'immah al-Ashar: Ali ibn Muhammad al-Khazzaz, Page: 65. [7] . Masar al-Shi'a: Al-Sheikh Al-Mufid, vol. 1, p. 31. [8] . Al-Iqbal al-Amaal al-Hasna: Al-Sayyid bin Tawus, vol. 3, p. 161. [9] . Al-Masbah - Jannah al-Aman al-Waqiyyah and Jannah al-Iman al-Baqiyyah: Al-Sheikh Ebrahim Al-Kafami Al-Amili, vol. 1, p. 511. [10] . The life of the Fourteen Infallible Ones (as): translation of "Alam Al-Wara" by Attardi, Azizullah, p. 226.

What are the types of Tawhid (Unity of God)? Many Muslim theologians, mystics, and philosophers, relying on the Quran and the hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad and the Shia Imams, have outlined various levels and degrees of Tawhid. For a better understanding, this classification is summarized as follows: 1. Unity of Essence: This is the first level of Tawhid, meaning that God is unique and without equal or substitute. God says in the Quran, " Nor is there to Him any equivalent."[1] In another sense, the unity of essence means that God is not multiple or dualistic and is free from composition. 2. Unity of Attributes: This means that God's essence is one with His attributes and that these attributes are not added to His essence. So, when we say "God is knowing, "we mean that knowledge is the very essence of the Lord and is not added to Him as a part. The same applies to other divine attributes such as power and life. God says in the Quran, " Glory to thy Lord, the Lord of Honor and Power! (He is free) from what they ascribe (to Him)."[2] The word "ascribe" refers to God being exalted from any attribute that contradicts unity and Tawhid, especially since the verse begins with glorification and refers to God's majesty. In a hadith from Imam as-Sadiq (a.s), knowledge, hearing, and sight are mentioned as being the very essence of God, and it is stated that God was all-hearing and all-seeing before there was anything to hear or see.[3] 3. Unity of Actions: Just as God is unique in His essence; He is also unique in His actions. The necessity of belief in the unity of actions is that everything that happens in this world is an act of God, and the source of the actions of all beings in the universe is considered to be the sacred essence of the Lord, as one of the well-known supplications among Muslims indicates: "There is no power and no strength except with God."[4] The unity of actions is manifested in the following: o Unity in creation, meaning that there is only one independent creator in the universe, and everyone else is dependent on His permission and will for their creation. However, this divine will does not contradict the free will of human beings.[5] The Noble Quran also signifies the concept on many occasions: “…Say, "Allāh is the Creator of all things, and He is the One, the Prevailing.”[6] o Unity of Lordship means that God alone is the independent manager of the universe; consequently, “all creatures are dependent on God in all aspects of their existence, and the dependencies they have on one another ultimately lead to the dependency of all of them on the Creator. It is He who manages some creations through others, provides sustenance to those who seek it through the sustenance He creates, and guides beings with consciousness through internal means (such as reason and other faculties of perception) and external means (such as prophets and heavenly books), and sets laws and regulations for those who are obligated, determining their duties and responsibilities.”[7] Lordship and creation are interconnected, and it makes no sense that the creator is different from the manager of creation. In the Holy Quran, it is stated: “Verily your Lord is Allah, who created the heavens and the earth in six days, and is firmly established on the throne (of authority), regulating and governing all things...”[8] “[All] praise is [due] to Allāh, Lord of the worlds.”[9] o Unity in sovereignty, meaning that God alone has absolute, undisputed sovereignty over all beings in the universe. Allah the exalted says in his holy book, “Do you not know that to Allāh belongs the dominion of the heavens and the earth and [that] you have not besides Allāh any protector or any helper”[10] 4. Unity of Divinity: Derived from the word "ilah," a commonly used word in Islamic literature, “which means "worthy of worship" or "object of worship." Similar to ‘book’, in the sense of something that is written and has the quality of being written”[11]. The Islamic slogan of Tawhid, "La ilaha illa Allah" (There is no god but God), which is a part of the testimonies (shahadatayn), also refers to the exclusivity of divinity for God. Along with unity in divinity, there is talk of unity in worship and obedience, meaning that worship and obedience are exclusive to God. These two are in fact necessary consequences of unity in divinity. 5. Unity in Legislation: This means that only God has the independent right to legislate and judge, as stated in the Quran, "…The command rests with none but Allah: He declares the truth, and He is the best of judges."[12] Unity in legislation can also be considered a case of “unity in lordship”, as legislation is befitting of the manager of the universe. The classification provided in this text aligns with the majority opinion among Islamic theologians. Nonetheless, this doesn't preclude the existence of other classification systems or the possibility of a more exhaustive analysis. For the sake of brevity, the topics have been summarized. Consequently, to gain a more nuanced comprehension of the hierarchy and varieties of Tawhid, it is advisable to consult the elaborate explanations furnished for each subcategory. [1] Al-Ikhlas/4, Sahih International translation. [2] As-Saffat/180, YusufAli translation. [3] Sh, Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol 1, p. 107 [4] The word “hawqala” itself is not explicitly mentioned in the Quran, but the phrase 'la quwwata illa billah' (there is no power except with Allah) is found in verse 39 of Surah al-Kahf. This supplication is one of the well-known invocations among Muslims. Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Babawayh al-Qummi (Shaykh as-Saduq) has narrated that the Noble Messenger of Islam recited this supplication in the qunut of the witr prayer. (Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih, Vol. 1, p. 487). [5] Aliasghar Rezvani, Shialogy, and answering the doubts, vol. 1, p. 129 [6] Ar-Ra’d/16, Sahih International translation. [7] Ayt. Misbaah Yazdi, Amoozesh Aqayed, p. 78 [8] Yunus/3, Yusufali translation [9] Al-Fatiha/2, Sahih International translation [10] Al-Baqara/107 Sahih International translation [11] Ayt. Misbaah Yazdi, Amoozesh Aqayed, p. 79 [12] Al-An’am/57

What is the story of the Mubahala? SUMMARY: The Mubahala was a solemn challenge issued by Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.s) to Christian leaders from Najran to resolve a theological dispute. To emphasize the gravity of the situation, Muhammad (s.a.w.s) was accompanied by his closest family: his daughter Fatima (s.a), her husband Ali (a.s), and their two young sons, al-Hasan and al-Hussain (a.s), known collectively as Ahl al-Kisa. Upon witnessing this powerful display of faith and family, the Christian delegation backed down from the challenge, recognizing the immense spiritual authority and purity embodied by Muhammad (s.a.w.s) and his family (a.s). This event is considered a pivotal moment in Islamic history, affirming the truth of Islam and the special status of the Prophet's household. THE FULL STORY The event is said to have happened after the battle of Tabouk in the 9th year after Hijra. The Najran delegation was accompanied by "Abu Harith ibn Alqamah", the Archbishop of Najran, who traveled to Medina following Rasulullah's (s.a.w.s) letter claiming to be a prophet of God and inviting them to Islam. It's said before starting their journey, first, they had a scientific debate among themselves about the issue of whether Muhammad (s.a.w.s) was a prophet or not. When they went through some of their ancient Christian scriptures they realized there was a truth in Muhammad's (s.a.w.s) claim, so they sought to visit the prophet and talk with him. According to Muhammad's (s.a.w.s) order, the delegation stayed in Medina for 3 days before having any official discussion with him. That was a good opportunity to observe Muhammad's (s.a.w.s) actions and attitude. The more they observed, the clearer it became that a prophet of God was before them. Finally, the official meeting was held and the delegation started asking questions. Their very first question was about Prophet Isa (Jesus Christ). Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.s) asserted that he was no one but a humble servant and a prophet of God (s.w.t), and to prove his words, he referred to this Quranic verse: Although Muhammad's argument seemed convincing, they adamantly insisted upon their position of Jesus being the son of God. Therefore, by Allah's order, Muhammad (s.a.w.s) invited them to Mubahala [the Quran 3:61]. A date was set and each party agreed to bring their companions for the ceremony as it was part of the custom. On the promised day, the delegation had brought all their men in the belief that their large numbers would attract God's favor. On the other hand, Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.s) arrived with only a handful of his family members: his beloved daughter Lady Fatima (s.a), his cousin and son-in-law Ali (a.s), and his two lovely grandsons al-Hassan and al-Hussain (a.s). Upon seeing this, the heads of the delegation rushed to the presence of the prophet and asked, "Are you going to take part in Mubahala with only these people?!" The prophet replied, "Yes, they're the closest individuals to Allah after me." He remained steadfast in his belief. One of them said, "I see faces that, if they raise their hands in prayer, they can move mountains!" It is said that the signs of divine retribution appeared as well, so the delegation shivered in fear of the punishment and agreed to compromise.

What was the situation of Shia during the caliphate of the three caliphs? According to the available sources, during the caliphate of the three caliphs, the Shia were actively involved in clarifying the status of Amir al-Mu'minin (a.s). Some loyal Shiites of Imam Ali (a.s) and opponents of Abu Bakr planned to confront Abu Bakr and remove him from the Prophet's pulpit. Imam Ali (a.s) disagreed with this approach and said that instead of this action which has no results, explain the truth in the mosque of the Prophet (s.a.w) so that the people will be aware of the truth and the proof will be over for everyone.[1] Therefore, during this period, the Shia were busy expressing the facts and reminding the position of Imam Ali (a.s.), and the caliphate was not strict in suppressing the Shiites, especially during the caliphate of Umar. But the rulers avoided using them in the government system as much as possible, as seen when Ammar was appointed to rule Kufa, he was dismissed after a while.[2] But during the time of Uthman, this appeasement turned into a conflict, for example, the exile of Abu Dharr is one of the signs of this conflict.[3] Based on this, it should be said that during this period, the Shiites encouraged the people to follow the Prophet's orders and support Imam Ali (a.s) by clarifying and expressing the position of Imam Ali (a.s) in the eyes of the Prophet (s.a.w) and the Prophet's orders towards him, and the government also tolerated the Shiites. Except in a few cases that have caused conflict between the government and the Shiites. [1] . Al-Khisal; Sheikh Al-Saduq, vol: 2, p: 461. [2] . Aldarajat alrafieat fi Tabaqat al Shiite; Al-Shirazi, Al-Sayyid Ali Khan, Vol: 1, P: 261. [3] . Sharh Nahj al-Balagha; Ibn Abi al-Hadid, vol: 8, p: 252.

When is the advent of Shia? The rise of Shia is a historical matter; thus, we need to look into history to find evidence. One good evidence is the narrations or hadiths of a reliable person from that era which is valid for all Muslims. . The narrations of Rasulullah (s.a.w.s) hold significant weight in this regard, as both Shia and Sunni acknowledge the credibility of his words and actions. The noble Quran states, "Indeed, in the Messenger of Allah you have an excellent example..." [al-Ahzab:21], underscoring Rasulullah's role as a model for the Islamic nation. In another ayah, he's regarded as a person who does not speak of his own desires. [Quran 53:3]. Therefore, whatever Rasulullah's words and actions reach us (through authentic methods of course) are proof for and against us and we have to follow. Some narrations from Rasulullah (s) explicitly use the term "Shia" next to the name of Ali (as) and can be found in both Shiite and Sunnite sources: Allamah Majlisi the author of Bihar al-Anwar narrates that after the revelation of this verse, "…they are the best of the creatures",[1] the noble prophet explained to Ali (as) that "they are you and your Shia (follower). You and your Shia will come on the day of judgment while you are well-pleased and pleasing…"[2] Khatib al-Baghdadi narrates from Rasulullah (s): "O Ali you and your Shia are in Paradise"[3] Ibn Asakir narrates from Rasulullah (s) through Ali (as): "I and Ali may be compared to a tree; I am like the roots and Ali is the trunk and al-Hassan and al-Hussain are the fruits and the Shia are the leaves of that tree...". [4] [1] . Al-Bayyenah: 7, «إِنَّ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ أُولَئِكَ هُمْ خَيْرُ الْبَرِيَّةِ» [2] . Bihar al-Anwar vol. 35 p. 346. [3] . Tarikh al-Baghdadi, vol 12, p. 389. [4] . The History of the City of Damascus, vol. 42, p. 383.