The concept of intercession (Shafa'ah) is a fundamental tenet of Islamic belief, deeply intertwined with issues such as repentance, Divine Mercy, and degrees of proximity to Allah. Contrary to the misconception held by some that Shafa'ah equates to worldly nepotism or favoritism, the Quranic culture defines it as the joining of the spiritual strength of a divinely close being to the weakness of a servant, thereby facilitating their path to guidance. Consequently, the "rank of intercession" is not an unconditional privilege; rather, it is a high station granted by Allah only to those who, in terms of belief and action, are qualified to act as intermediaries between His All-Encompassing Mercy and His needy servants.

The first and most primordial possessor of the station of intercession is the “Sacred Essence of Allah” (Dhat-e Aqdas). Quranic verses explicitly state that all intercession belongs to Him;[1] meaning that no one possesses the power to intercede without His permission and approval. Following Him, the “Noble Prophet (SAW)” stands at the forefront of those to whom the “Station of Praise” (Maqam al-Mahmud) and the Great Intercession (Shafa’at al-Kubra) have been promised. He will act as an intermediary in the Divine presence not only for his Ummah but for all righteous servants. [2] Alongside him, the “Infallible Imams (AS),” who are the manifestations of human perfection and the true guides, hold a sublime position of intercession for the Shia and their followers according to numerous mutawatir (mass-transmitted) narrations. [3]

In addition to the Infallible Leaders, other groups attain this station by Divine permission. “Angels,” as agents of Divine governance; [4] “Divine Prophets” and “Religious Scholars” who, through their knowledge and action, have opened the path of guidance for people; and “Martyrs,” who sacrificed their lives for the elevation of the Word of Allah, [5] are among those who receive permission to intercede from Allah. Furthermore, Hadith sources indicate that “righteous believers” [6] and “memorizers of the Qur’an” [7] can also, by Allah’s permission and at lower degrees, act as conduits of grace for their relatives or co-religionists. A subtle point is that in the cosmic order, intercession is not limited to persons; rather, the “Holy Qur’an,” [8] “righteous deeds” [9] such as fasting, and “acts of worship” also intercede for their owners on the Day of Judgment in metaphorical or developmental forms. All these intermediaries share a common principle: none shall possess the power of intercession without relying on Divine permission and approval, which is predicated upon the “faith and action” of the one being interceded for. [10]

In conclusion, the rank of intercession is a manifestation of Allah’s boundless Mercy within the system of reward and punishment. This station is not for individuals who act without regulation; rather, it is a position granted only to chosen servants (such as Prophets, Imams, martyrs, and scholars) who have had a profound connection with the Truth. Intercession is, in reality, a reward for those who have spent their lives in obedience and service to creation, and who can now serve as a bridge between repentant servants and the Infinite Mercy of the True Lord. Therefore, the rank of intercession is more a sign of the continuity of Divine Guidance and the importance of the high status of close servants in the Hereafter, than merely a privilege for the intercessor.

Intercession in Islamic culture means seeking assistance from the Saints of Allah (Awliya Allah) in the presence of Allah Almighty for the forgiveness of sins. This concept is not an unfounded "backdoor deal," but rather the mediation of personalities who are at the peak of divine proximity. Since intercession is established upon "Allah’s permission" and "His pleasure," it is natural that it does not encompass those who have practically chosen the path of rebellion and destroyed the bridges behind them for returning to Allah. Therefore, the denial of intercession in the traditions is, in fact, a warning to return to the path of servitude to Allah.

In narrational sources, the denial of intercession for specific groups has been mentioned for educational and essential reasons:

Those who consider light/trivial Prayer (Mustakhifin bi al-Salah): In a narration from Imam Sadiq (AS), it is stated that our intercession does not reach the one who considers prayer trivial.[1] Considering prayer trivial means breaking the bond of connection with Allah; one who ignores the main pillar of religion has practically excluded themselves from the circle of those eligible for intercession.

Deniers and Rejectors of Intercession: According to traditions, whoever denies the very principle of intercession will not attain it. [2] This is due to hostility towards the truth and insistence on misguidance; for intercession is a proven principle in the Book and the Sunnah, and denying it indicates inner hypocrisy or arrogant ignorance.

Those without Spiritual Affinity (Disbelievers): Intercession means conveying "the prepared" to the destination, not transforming "the corrupted" into "the righteous." Numerous narrations indicate that if a person has lost their faith through polytheism, hypocrisy, or persistence in major sins, they do not benefit from intercession due to the lack of necessary capacity. In reality, intercession applies to someone who has a particle of faith remaining in their heart and is only involved in slips, not to someone who has positioned themselves on the opposing front of the truth. [3]

The Oppressor is Denied Intercession: The Holy Quran says about the oppressors: "For the wrongdoers, there is no friend of kindness nor an intercessor to be obeyed." [4]

Furthermore, the Noble Prophet (SAW) has stated regarding oppressors and the denial of their intercession as follows: "My intercession is for those of my Ummah who have committed major sins, except for polytheism and oppression (which are two obstacles to intercession)." [5]

The Enemies of the Household of the Prophet (SAW) are Denied Intercession: Imam Sadiq (AS) says regarding the denial of intercession for this group in a narration: "If all the close angels and all the sent messengers intercede for a Nasibi (i.e., someone who is an enemy of the household of the Prophet (SAW)), their intercession will not be accepted." [6]

Those Who Harass the Children of the Messenger of Allah (SAW) are Denied Intercession: This group will also not benefit from intercession, just as the Honorable Prophet of Islam (SAW) explicitly stated this point: "When I take the position of intercession, I will intercede for the sinners of my Ummah, and Allah will accept my intercession. By Allah, I will not intercede for those who have harassed my lineage and children." [7]

Conclusion:

Intercession in Islam is not an unconditional privilege, but rather for those who still have a relationship with faith and servitude and are capable of returning. Therefore, the denial of intercession from certain groups in the traditions is both an educational warning and shows that intercession only applies to individuals who have retained the ground for accepting divine mercy within themselves.

It should be noted that in the traditions, other obstacles and factors are also mentioned that can deprive a person of the scope of intercession; but in this writing, only the most important and some of the most significant ones were mentioned, and a comprehensive review of all cases requires broader research into the collection of verses and narrations related to intercession.

Answering this question requires a precise explanation of the relationship between “Monotheism in Creation and Lordship” and “Seeking Proximity through Divine Intermediaries.” It can be argued that the issue of the intercession of Allah’s saints not only does not contradict Monotheism, but is actually a manifestation of Divine Lordship Monotheism. To clarify this matter, it is necessary to address several points:

1. Distinction between “Shirk (Polytheism)” and “Seeking Proximity through Intermediaries”

The essence of Shirk is regarding someone as an equal and peer to Allah in creation, ownership, lordship, and worship. However, if we say that Allah’s chosen servants (such as Prophets and Imams) possess the ability to heal, grant life, or intercede only by Allah’s permission and leave, we have not fallen into the realm of Shirk; rather, we have affirmed Monotheism.

The Holy Quran explicitly states that Prophet Jesus (AS) healed the sick and raised the dead “BI-IZNI LLAAHI” (By Allah’s permission).[1] This condition, “BI-IZNI LLAAHI,” indicates that the ultimate effective power belongs to Allah alone, and righteous servants are channels of grace and instruments for the fulfillment of Divine Will. Therefore, if we ask the Prophet (SAW) and some of Allah’s righteous servants, such as the Imams (AS), for such matters in this manner, i.e., “by Allah’s permission,” it is not only not Shirk, but it is precisely Monotheism itself. This is because we have never considered them equal to Allah, partners with Allah, or independent in their effect; rather, we regard them as servants who submit to His command and are channels of His orders. [2]

2. Quranic Intercession: From Above, Not From Below

The intercession defended in the Quran is one whose “authentic source” traces back to Allah’s permission. In other words, true intercession is intercession “from above” (permitted by Allah), not intercession “from below,” which is based on personal relationships, hypocrisy, or the pressure of associates on tyrannical kings. [3]

Allah says in the Quran: “Who is he that can intercede with Him except by His permission”? [4] This verse shows that intercession is not an absolute and independent right, but a Divine trust that is realized only within the framework of Allah’s pleasure. Therefore, the denial of intercession by some groups (such as Wahhabism) stems from confusing Quranic intercession with pre-Islamic and human intercessions, not from the principle of intercession itself.

3. Intercession as “Ontological and Legislative Causality”

One of the important principles of Monotheism is the acceptance of “causes and means” in the universe. Allah has created the world such that affairs are realized through intermediaries.

In the ontological realm (Takwini): A plant grows with sunlight and rain, but this sunlight and rain are not the creators of the plant; rather, they are causes that Allah has chosen to utilize.

In the legislative realm (Tashri’i): Forgiveness and the salvation of the human soul also require causes, including repentance, righteous deeds, and the intercession of Allah’s saints.

Therefore, intercession is a type of “legislative causality” for salvation. Just as the effect of sunlight does not contradict Monotheism, the effect of the intercession of Allah’s saints is consistent with Monotheism, as both are realized by the permission and will of the Exalted Allah. [5]

4. Human Agency: Truly Effective but Not Independent

The key to correctly understanding intercession is a proper understanding of “human agency.” Humans are agents, but their agency is not independent.

The existence of humans, their nature, and their abilities are all “LA MIN NAFSIHI BAL MINALLAAHI” (Not from themselves, but from Allah).

Therefore, when we say that a Prophet or Imam is effective, it means that Allah has granted them the identity of “being effective.” This agency is subordinate to Allah’s agency and never stands against Divine Will. [6]

Imam Ali (AS), in response to a question regarding the independence of human power, said: The power and ability of humans is a trust from Allah; if He wishes to grant it, He grants it, and if He wishes to take it back, He takes it back. Humans are not the true owners of this power, but rather its executors and trustees. Thus, the intercession of Allah’s saints is a manifestation of this trustworthiness and obedience to the Divine command. [7]

5. Intercession as an Affirmation of Lordship and Divine Management

Allah has granted the station of intercession to the Noble Prophet (SAW) and the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) based on His creative Will. Just as He granted the Noble Prophet (SAW) the station of Al-Maqam Al-Mahmud (The Praised Station), [8] they have authority in the station of intercession and can act regarding the intercession of individuals based on their Divine mission. However, since the Prophet (SAW) and the Ahl al-Bayt (AS), in their practical state, are subject to Allah’s legislative Will and follow it with complete free will, they will never intercede for anyone whom Allah is not pleased with; rather, their intercession is only for those whom Allah has accepted for intercession, as the Quran explicitly states. [9]

Now it must be said that Allah manages the world based on “causes and intermediaries.” The intercession of the Prophet (SAW) and the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) is one of these Divine intermediaries.

Based on the luminous words of Imam Sadiq (AS), the Divine tradition and method are that all affairs and phenomena flow according to their causes and means. In other words, for every affair, a cause is decreed; for every cause, an explanation is provided; for every explanation, a key is set; for every key, a sign and symbol are placed; and for every sign, a speaking door is established. Recognizing this “speaking door” means recognizing Allah, and denying it is equivalent to denying Allah. That “speaking door” and “speaking gate” are none other than the Noble Prophet (SAW) and we, the Ahl al-Bayt (AS). [10]

On this basis, the station of intercession should be considered one of the Divine causes and intermediaries that the Exalted Allah has granted to the Prophet (SAW) and the Ahl al-Bayt (AS). Their intercession, although appearing as effective in the external world, has not an independent nature and is always realized with Allah’s permission and will.

Therefore, seeking intercession from the Prophet (SAW) and the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) with such a belief – that they derive their source of effectiveness from Allah and their agency is subordinate to Divine agency – not only does not contradict pure Monotheism and the foundations of Sharia, but is precisely obedience to the Divine tradition in the system of causes and effects. This belief, while affirming their effective role based on Allah’s creative Will and the permissibility of seeking intercession from them based on legislative permission, explicitly denies their independent agency from Allah.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, it can be stated that the issue of the intercession of Allah’s saints does not contradict Monotheism, because:

_ The intercession of Allah’s saints is conditional upon Allah’s permission.

_ Their agency is not independent and is subordinate to Divine agency.

_ Intercession is a type of legislative causality that Allah has established for the guidance of His servants.

_ The denial of intercession stems from a mistaken interpretation of it as “Shirk,” whereas Quranic intercession is the highest manifestation of Monotheism in Allah’s Lordship and management.

Thus, seeking intercession from the Prophet (SAW) and the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) is not contrary to Monotheism; rather, it is a sign of faith in Divine Wisdom and recognition of the high status of Allah’s worthy servants.

The concept of "Shafa'at" (Intercession) holds an important place in the hadith sources of Ahl al-Sunnah. In the two Sunni authentic collections (Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim), independent chapters have been dedicated to intercession, in which the Prophet (SAW) plays a special role in the salvation of believers. These narrations form the primary basis of the Ahl al-Sunnah belief regarding intercession.

In this response, the narrative viewpoint of Ahl al-Sunnah is reported relying on the texts of Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, and other reliable sources.

The Principle of the Prophet’s (SAW) Intercession in the Hereafter

In Sahih al-Bukhari, the famous hadith of the "Great Intercession" is narrated; after people turn to Adam, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus (AS) for intercession and they decline, the Prophet (SAW) receives the commission of the greatest intercession.[1]

Intercession for the People of Major Sins

In Sharh Sunan Abi Dawud, it is reported that the Prophet (SAW) said:

"My intercession is for the people of major sins from my ummah." [2]

The meaning of this hadith among Ahl al-Sunnah is that those who commit major sins (provided they possess faith and do not commit shirk) can benefit from the Prophet’s intercession.

Intercession for the Salvation of Monotheists from the Fire

In Sahih al-Bukhari, it is repeatedly stated that groups of monotheists, after the initial punishment, will be removed from the Hellfire through the Prophet’s (SAW) intercession or by Allah’s grace. [3]

Ahl al-Sunnah consider these hadiths as types of intercession for alleviating punishment and exiting Hell.

Intercession is Conditional upon Allah’s Permission

Authentic hadiths in Sahih Muslim indicate that the Prophet (SAW) does not intercede without divine permission. [4]

The meaning of this narration is that intercession is never independent; it is entirely dependent on Allah’s permission.

Intercession Includes Some Inhabitants of Hell

In Sahih Muslim, there is a famous hadith where the Prophet (SAW) said:

"Then [the Prophet] sets off with them, and they follow him. To each of them, whether hypocrite or believer, a light is given. Then they follow him, and on the Bridge of Hell, there are hooks and thorns which Allah grabs whoever He wills. Then the lights of the hypocrites are extinguished, and the believers are saved. The first group to be saved consists of seventy thousand people whose faces shine like the full moon on the fourteenth night, and they will not be held accountable. Then those in the next rank will be like the brightest star in the sky [in terms of light]. And so on for the subsequent ranks. Then the intercession of others is permitted, and they intercede until everyone who says: 'La ilaha illallah' (There is no god but Allah) and has in his heart the weight of a grain of barley of good is brought out of the Fire. Then they are placed in the courtyards of Paradise." [5]

The Issue of "Seeking Intercession in the World"

Historically, Ahl al-Sunnah have two streams:

The Majority of Traditional Juridical Schools (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and part of the Hanbalis):

Based on narrations of the Companions’ seeking intercession (Tawassul) through the Prophet (SAW) during his lifetime and after his death (such as the hadith of the blind man seeking Tawassul, [6] the narration of Umar ibn al-Khattab seeking Tawassul through Abbas, [7] and the narration of Aisha’s instruction to seek Tawassul through the Prophet’s grave to relieve a famine[8]), they consider seeking intercession and Tawassul permissible, as explicitly stated by Zayn al-Din al-Dahlan, a scholar of the Shafi'i school. [9]

The School of Ibn Taymiyyah and its followers:

They consider Tawassul and seeking intercession from the Prophet (SAW) after his death to be an innovation (Bid'ah). [10]

Based on the collection of authentic Ahl al-Sunnah hadiths, especially in Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, the following principles are certain:

The principle of the Prophet’s (SAW) intercession in the Hereafter is certain and prominent.

Intercession occurs with Allah’s permission, and the Prophet (SAW) does not intercede independently of Allah.

Intercession includes the people of monotheism, and polytheists do not benefit from it.

Intercession will include the situation of some inhabitants of Hell.

There is a difference of opinion among Ahl al-Sunnah schools regarding seeking intercession in this world; however, the principle of the Prophet’s (SAW) Hereafter intercession is accepted by all.

Conclusion:

In authentic Ahl al-Sunnah hadith, the principle of the Prophet’s (SAW) intercession on the Day of Resurrection is fully accepted and emphasized. Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim contain dozens of hadiths regarding intercession; including the Great Intercession, intercession for the people of major sins, and the intercession for the removal of a group of monotheists from the Hellfire.

However, according to Ahl al-Sunnah beliefs based on these hadiths, intercession occurs only by Allah’s permission and is granted to those who have not committed shirk (associating partners with Allah). In their hadiths, the Prophet’s (SAW) intercession in the Hereafter is considered vast and effective but seeking intercession from anyone other than Allah in this world is a subject of difference among their schools of thought.

One of the significant questions regarding intercession is: If Allah is Just, why should some individuals be forgiven through intercession while others do not possess such an privilege? The apparent surface of this question suggests that intercession might be a form of discrimination or an exception to divine law. However, a closer examination of the concept of intercession reveals that this perception stems from a misunderstanding of its true nature. In the Islamic perspective, intercession does not mean setting aside justice; rather, it represents the manifestation of Divine Mercy alongside Justice.

Divine justice dictates that no one should be subjected to reward or punishment without cause or merit. However, it must be noted that "merit" is not always uniform or on the same level. Human beings differ in terms of faith, deeds, intentions, their relationship with the Truth, and the extent of their disconnection or connection with Allah. Intercession in such a system is not for everyone and not absolute; rather, it is for a group whose bond with Allah has not been completely severed and who, in the essence of their faith or in certain aspects of their virtue and capability, have retained the potential for mercy.[1] Consequently, intercession is not a blind and indiscriminate gift; rather, it is a wise consideration for servants who, despite being tainted, still possess the capacity for return and purification.

On the other hand, intercession only occurs with Allah’s permission. [2] This point is crucial because it demonstrates that the intercessor does not act independently of Allah, and there is no arbitrary privilege involved. In reality, intercession is Divine Mercy flowing through His chosen servants. Just as in the worldly realm of causes, Allah manages affairs through causes and intermediaries, [3] in the spiritual system, intercession is one of the Divine causes. Therefore, the existence of an intermediary does not negate justice; rather, it is a sign of order, wisdom, and the expansiveness of Allah’s mercy.

If it is said that intercession is a form of discrimination, the response is that unjust discrimination occurs when a difference is made between two completely equal individuals without reason. However, such equality does not exist in the case of intercession. Those who fall under the scope of intercession are those who have, in some way, remained on the path of Truth, have not completely lost their faith, or at least retain the capability for return. [4] In contrast, those who have deliberately closed the path of Truth, harbored enmity against Allah and the Truth, or have no connection with faith and guidance, do not fundamentally fall within the realm of intercession. [5] Thus, intercession is not an unmerited privilege, but a response proportionate to the spiritual state of individuals.

Furthermore, intercession has an educational role within religious logic. When a person knows that the path of return is not closed and that Divine Mercy is extended through His saints, they do not fall into despair and find motivation for self-reform. This hope, if understood correctly, does not encourage sin or embolden the person; rather, it saves them from complete downfall. [6] Therefore, intercession is not only not contrary to justice, but alongside justice, it is a manifestation of Divine Mercy, wisdom, and upbringing.

Therefore, intercession has no conflict with Divine Justice, because it does not violate the law; rather, it is actualized within the framework of Divine law and by Allah’s permission. Unjust discrimination occurs when differences are made among individuals without criteria or merit; whereas intercession is based on faith, connection with the Truth, and the capacity for Divine Mercy. Thus, intercession is not only not unjust, but it is a sign that Allah, alongside Justice, has opened the door of Mercy for His servants.

Conclusion:

Intercession does not contradict Divine Justice. In Islamic logic, intercession does not mean arbitrary and unregulated interference in human destiny; rather, it signifies the flow of Allah’s mercy through a specific pathway and within defined conditions. Divine justice means that every individual receives reward or punishment based on their faith, actions, intentions, and merits. Intercession is one of the mechanisms that actualize this system, not a violation of it. Therefore, intercession is not "unjust discrimination," because it is not unconditional; rather, those who benefit from it are those who have, beforehand, maintained a connection with faith, Wilayah (spiritual authority/guardianship), and the path of guidance.

Wahhabism, as a movement that denies the permissibility of seeking intercession from the deceased and classifies it as a form of shirk,[1] argues that seeking intercession is essentially a prayer. Since Allah says in the Quran, "Do not invoke anyone alongside Allah", [2] they view seeking intercession from anyone other than Allah as "calling upon other than Allah" and therefore as shirk. [3] This view is particularly emphasized regarding the deceased, whereas Wahhabism permits seeking intercession from the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) during his lifetime and on the Day of Resurrection. [4]

Abdulrahman Al-Sheikh believes that seeking intercession from the dead and the absent is requesting something that only Allah has power over, [5] which constitutes asking from other than Allah regarding "that which only Allah can control". [6] Similarly, Ibn Baz claims that this act is considered major shirk by scholars because the deceased have no power over anything after death, and Allah has said, "Say that intercession belongs entirely to Allah". [7]

To critique this view, one must note that seeking intercession is, in reality, the same as "asking for supplication" from a worthy individual. Wahhabism itself permits asking the Prophet (SAW) for supplication during his lifetime. [8] In Sahih al-Bukhari, there are chapters indicating that seeking intercession is essentially a request for prayer for the descent of mercy; [9] indeed, the companions of the Prophet (SAW) sought his intercession with their Lord even after his death. [10]

On the other hand, shirk occurs only when an individual considers a created being to be a "deity" or an "independent master of intercession." This was precisely the belief held by pre-Islamic polytheists; they worshipped idols and believed these idols were powerful intercessors before Allah who could bring benefit or harm without divine permission. Allah critiques this behavior in the Quran, saying, "They worship besides Allah that which harms them not and does not benefit them, and they say: 'These are our intercessors with Allah'". [11] Thus, the shirk of the polytheists lay in "attributing divinity to other than Allah" and "associating partners with Allah in absolute power," not merely in seeking intercession.

However, when Muslims ask from Allah’s saints, they are asking those whom Allah has granted permission. As the Quran explicitly states, "None possesses intercession except he who has made a covenant with the Most Merciful". [12]

The Boundary Between Dua and Worship:

Wahhabism argues that any form of dua and requesting needs from other than Allah is shirk, [13] equating this behavior with that of the polytheists. [14] They believe one should only ask Allah to grant us the Prophet’s intercession. [15] Interestingly, Wahhabism itself admits that seeking from the Prophet (SAW) during his lifetime and on the Day of Resurrection is permissible. [16]

In critiquing this definition of dua, we must say: If dua in its absolute sense of requesting needs is considered worship (as Wahhabism claims), then no human being, not even the Prophets, would be considered monotheists. Therefore, dua must involve another element and stem from a specific belief regarding the one from whom the request is made.

Dua is considered worship only when the supplicant’s intention includes specific elements that define the nature of worship. These elements include: believing in the divinity of the one being asked, their lordship, and their ownership over the individual’s destiny in this world and the hereafter; even if that individual is a created being. The meaning of "dua" in the noble verse "So do not invoke anyone alongside Allah"[17] is not the general act of asking others for things, but rather a "specific and limited dua" that is synonymous with worship. The reason for this is found within the same verse, which states, "And the mosques are for Allah." Additionally, the hadith stating "Dua is the essence of worship"[18] does not refer to absolute dua, but rather to "praying for Allah," which constitutes the essence of worship. [19]

Consequently, some researchers have articulated various meanings of the word dua in the Quran:

1.    Dua as Worship: As in "... So do not invoke anyone alongside Allah". [20] The expression "ma'allah" (alongside Allah) indicates that the meaning is not to consider anyone as Allah’s equal or partner, nor to worship them. The evidence for this is verse 20 of the same Surah (separated by one verse), which states, "Say, 'I only invoke my Lord and do not associate anyone with Him". [21] Every Muslim knows that dua in this sense is exclusive to Allah; He has no equal, and there is no room for doubt or hesitation.

2.    Dua as Summoning/Inviting to Something: Such as what is mentioned regarding Prophet Noah (AS), who said, "My Lord, I invited my people night and day, but my invitation only increased them in flight". [22] Obviously, this dua and summoning of his people refers to inviting them to faith, and this type of dua is essentially faith itself, which was obligatory upon the Prophets of Allah (AS).

3.    Dua as Requesting a Need: This can sometimes be through ordinary and common means, such as, "When the witnesses are summoned to give testimony, they should not refuse". [23] This summoning and dua in ordinary matters is such that if anyone performs it, they do not become a disbeliever but rather fulfill their duty.

Sometimes it is through unusual means and miracles, which is of two types: Sometimes it is with the belief that other than Allah has independent influence. Sometimes we ask a great person to request something from Allah on our behalf.

The first type is a form of shirk, because only the pure Essence of Allah is independent in influence; even ordinary causes and effects have whatever they have from Allah and act by His permission. The Holy Quran says in this regard, "Say, 'Call upon those whom you claim [as deities] besides Him; they do not possess [the power to remove] any harm from you or any benefit". [24] No knowledgeable and faithful Muslim holds such a belief about any of the Prophets or saints of Allah (AS).

But the second type is the Tawhid of a complete human being, meaning that he considers someone an intermediary and intercessor before Allah, acknowledges Allah as the Ultimate Cause of causes, sees everything within His power and will, but seeks closeness to Allah’s saints and asks them to request a need from Allah on his behalf. This is the very essence of Tawhid and faith in the absolute divine will.

The Holy Quran says: The Children of Israel came to Moses and asked him to request diverse foods (other than manna and quails) from Allah: "O Moses! We cannot endure one kind of food. So invoke your Lord for us to bring forth for us from the earth its green herbs...". [25] Moses never reproached them by saying, "Why did you call me by 'O Moses!' and why didn't you ask Allah directly? This is shirk and disbelief." Instead, he requested their need from Allah, and it was granted. The address "Whatever you asked for, it is yours" was revealed by Allah, and he only told them that they had abandoned better food for less important food. [26]

Therefore, one cannot say that every request is considered worship, and arguments based on verses and hadiths do not support this claim. Dua is considered worship only when an individual believes in the divinity and lordship of the one from whom they are requesting. [27] This point shows that the boundary between "ordinary dua" and "worship" lies in the intention and belief of the supplicant, not merely in the act of requesting.

Conclusion

Wahhabism considers seeking intercession (shafa’ah) from the deceased to be a specific type of dua (supplication), which they equate with worship (ibadah), and thus label it as shirk (polytheism). However, this argument faces a logical contradiction: seeking intercession is essentially the same as "asking for supplication" from a person, yet Wahhabism does not consider asking the living for supplication to be shirk. Furthermore, true shirk occurs only when one believes that other than Allah has independent power. Muslims believe that Allah’s saints are merely humble servants who intercede only by Allah’s permission; therefore, asking them is actually an expression of Tawhid (monotheism).

The hadiths clearly establish intercession for the Prophet (SAW) and the Ahl al-Bayt (AS). In the Ziyarat Jami‘ah Kabirah, addressed to the Ahl al-Bayt (AS), it is stated: "You are the greatest path, the most upright way, the witnesses of the abode of perishability, and the intercessors of the abode of eternity".[1]

This expression indicates that intercession is one of the primary attributes of Imamate: just as they are in this world the "سبیل" (path), "صراط" (way), and "شهید" (witnesses) over actions, in the Hereafter they are "شفعاء" (intercessors) in the abode of eternity. In the continuation of that same Ziyarat, the pilgrim says: «أشهد الله وأشهدکم أنّی… مستشفعٌ إلى الله عزوجل بکم»; meaning, I call Allah to witness and I call you to witness that I seek intercession from Allah Almighty through you. This expression both “establishes the right of intercession” for them and shows that intercession is originally requested from Allah, but through their “path.”

In the Ziyarat of Imam Husayn (AS), a clear theme of this reality is seen: "O son of the Messenger of Allah, intercede for me before your Lord." [2] In the Ziyarat of Amir al-Mu’minin (AS) as well, we read: "For you is the Praised Station before Allah, the great honor, the lofty status, and the accepted intercession." [3] These statements show that intercession is not a weak possibility, but a fixed and accepted attribute of theirs before Allah. The expression “المقام المحمود” also recalls a verse attributed to the Prophet (SAW), which in Shia exegesis is linked to the station of intercession; here, the same theme is extended to Amir al-Mu’minin (AS) and, by extension, to the rest of Awliya’ of Allah.

Furthermore, the hadiths specifically link intercession to the “pilgrimage” (Ziyarat) of the Prophet (SAW) and the Ahl al-Bayt (AS). In a hadith narrated regarding the Ziyarat of Imam Reza (AS), it is stated that whoever visits him in that sanctuary, "I and my forefathers will be his intercessors on the Day of Resurrection." [4] This expression clarifies two points: one, that intercession encompasses all the Ahl al-Bayt (أنا وآبائی), and two, that Ziyarat is among the prominent instances that place a person within the sphere of their intercession. In another hadith regarding the Ziyarat of Imam Husayn (AS), it is stated: Whoever wishes to be in Allah’s grace on the Day of Resurrection and in the intercession of Muhammad (SAW), let him be a visitor of Husayn. [5]

Similarly, regarding the person of the Noble Prophet (SAW), numerous hadiths have been transmitted. In one of them, it is narrated from Amir al-Mu’minin (AS) that the Messenger of Allah said: Whoever visits me after my death is like one who visited me during my lifetime, and I will be for him a witness and an intercessor on the Day of Resurrection. [6] This hadith both establishes the Prophet’s (SAW) intercession and gives good tidings to the visitor that Ziyarat establishes a genuine bond with the Prophet (SAW), as if standing before him personally.

In another hadith it is stated: Whoever visits me in Medina seeking closeness to Allah, I will be his intercessor on the Day of Resurrection. [7] The expression “محتسبا” indicates that intercession is for conscious and sincere Ziyarat, not merely physical presence. In all these cases, the Prophet’s (SAW) intercession is presented as a definite promise for those of love and allegiance, but within the framework of “seeking closeness and faith.”

Another point is that the hadiths of intercession are linked with prayer (Salat) and sending blessings upon the Prophet (SAW). In the Tashahhud of prayer, in some narrations it is stated: "O Allah, send blessings upon Muhammad and the family of Muhammad, and accept his intercession for his Ummah, and raise his rank." [8]

This sentence shows that the believer, within the core of his primary worship, asks Allah to “accept the intercession” of the Prophet (SAW); meaning, intercession is not part of an abstract creedal system, but is present in the context of daily Islamic worship. Also, the expression “تقبّل شفاعته” again emphasizes that intercession is originally from Allah; the Prophet (SAW) and the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) are intercessors, but the acceptance and efficacy of the intercession are in Allah’s hands.

These hadiths, while emphasizing the breadth and greatness of intercession, implicitly indicate “conditions” and “limitations”; although not all conditions are explicitly stated in these short passages, expressions such as “من أراد أن یکون… فلیکن للحسین زائراً” (Whoever wishes to be… let him be a visitor of Husayn), and “من أتانی زائراً… محتسباً” (Whoever visits me… seeking closeness), and calling Allah to witness being “a believer”, “enlightened”, and “seeking intercession” in Ziyarat Jami‘ah—which appears in parts of the Ziyarat—show that intercession is not without calculation or conditions, but rather a reward for faith, allegiance, love, and action. Intercession is for one who has not severed his relationship with Allah and has been striving in servitude, even if he has committed slips and deficiencies. In other words, these hadiths introduce intercession as a “path of salvation for the negligent believer,” not as an “excuse for boldness in sin.”

Conclusion

Intercession, in the view of the hadiths, is an authentic reality in the divine system, founded on Monotheism (Tawhid) and Allegiance (Wilayah); Allah has granted the Prophet (SAW) and the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) the attribute of intercession and has accepted their intercession. The Prophet (SAW) and the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) are in this world the “path and way” and the “witnesses of actions,” and in the Hereafter, they are the “intercessors of the abode of eternity.” Acts such as conscious and sincere Ziyarat, expressing allegiance and love, and sending blessings and acknowledging their stations place a person within the circle of intercession. Nevertheless, intercession neither negates human responsibility nor justifies sin, but is a manifestation of Allah’s special mercy towards believing servants connected to His awliya'; a mercy and grace that blooms on the Day of Resurrection in the form of the intercession of the Prophet (SAW) and the Ahl al-Bayt (AS).

The Holy Quran contains numerous verses regarding intercession. Some verses attribute intercession exclusively to Allah, while others establish its station for created beings through Divine permission and will. Therefore, the Quranic verses on this matter are divided into two parts, which are examined separately below.

Part One: Verses that Attribute Intercession Exclusively to Allah

1. "So the intercession of intercessors will not benefit them."[1]

This verse negates any type of intercession for this specific group—whether it be the intercession of Prophets and their successors, Angels, the truthful, martyrs, or the righteous—in general.

However, the use of the term "shafi‘in" (intercessors), which implies the actual existence of those who intercede, indicates that on that Day, there will indeed be intercessors and those for whom intercession is sought. Nevertheless, intercession will not benefit those who denied the Day of Judgment and abandoned prayer and feeding the poor.

The phrase "fa-ma tanfa‘uhum" (will not benefit them) indicates that their theological and practical state is the cause of their deprivation from the benefits of intercession. Thus, although the literal meaning of the verse places it among the verses negating intercession, implicitly and subtly, it affirms the principle of intercession itself. [2]

2. "And fear a Day when no soul will suffice for another soul at all, nor will intercession be accepted from it, nor will compensation be taken from it, nor will they be aided." [3]

 Scholars of Tafsir (exegesis) have stated that the negation of intercession in this verse is specific to the Jews; because they claimed that since they were descendants of prophets, their ancestors would assist them on the Day of Resurrection. Allah disappoints them of this false notion through this verse. Although the wording of the verse is general, its intent is to refute the incorrect belief of the Jews, not to absolutely negate intercession; because the principle of the intercession of the Prophet (SAW) is a well-known and undeniable fact for all Muslims, and the difference of opinion lies only in its quality and details. [4]

3. "It is Allah who created the heavens and the earth and whatever is between them in six days; then He established Himself above the Throne. You have not besides Him any protector or any intercessor. So will you not be reminded?" [5]

4. "Say: To Allah belongs [all] intercession. The earth and the heavens belong to Him. Then to Him you will be returned." [6]

5. "There is no intercessor except after His permission. That is Allah, your Lord, so worship Him. Will you not be reminded?" [7]

6. "For the wrongdoers there is no friend and no intercessor who would be obeyed." [8]

The verses negating intercession by others besides Allah highlight two key points beautifully. First, what the polytheists considered as their deities and Gods possesses no power and will be incapable of any intercession on the Day of Resurrection. Second, polytheists, due to their disbelief and disobedience, will be deprived of the intercession of those whom Allah has permitted; for they have forfeited the worthiness and eligibility for it. [9]

Part Two: Verses that Establish the Station of Intercession for Some Created Beings by Divine Permission and Will

1. "Allah – there is no deity except Him, the Ever-Living, the Sustainer of [all] existence. Neither drowsiness overtakes Him nor sleep. To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth. Who is it that can intercede with Him except by His permission?..." [10] 

2. "That Day, intercession will not benefit except for one to whom the Most Merciful has given permission and has accepted his word." [11]

3. "And there are many angels in the heavens, whose intercession will not avail at all except after Allah has permitted [it] for whom He wills and approves." [12]

4. "Those you invoke besides Allah do not possess [power over] intercession, except for those who testify to the truth and they know [it]." [13]

5. "They do not intercede except for one who is accepted, and they are from fear of Him apprehensive." [14]

6. "They do not have [power of] intercession except for he who has taken a promise with the Most Merciful." [15]

This collection of verses clearly indicates that intercession only acquires meaning in the light of Divine permission and pleasure. No created being, not even Angels and those Awliya’, has independence in the face of Allah’s will, and their intercession is conditional upon His permission and pleasure.

Thus, it becomes clear that what is attributed exclusively to Allah regarding intercession actually signifies that the True Owner of intercession is only Allah the Exalted, and no one can intercede except by His permission.

Based on this, intercession is of two kinds: first, intercession that belongs directly to Allah, and second, intercession that Allah – by His permission and allowance – has delegated to some of Awliya’ in His divine presence. [16]

Therefore, in understanding the topic of intercession, all related verses must be viewed together. A superficial approach without careful attention to all related verses leads to incomplete and deviant interpretations. Correct knowledge of it is only possible through a comprehensive, harmonious, and holistic view of all relevant verses; otherwise, the result will be an ignorant distortion of the true meaning of intercession.

Conclusion:

The Quran establishes that intercession belongs solely to Allah and is contingent upon His permission and pleasure. Verses of the Quran on the topic of intercession fall into two categories: 1. Verses of Negation: These declare that true intercession is exclusive to Allah and deem any intercession without His permission as void. 2. Verses of Affirmation: These establish the station of intercession for certain created beings, provided it is by Allah’s permission and will. This means that no one, not even the Prophets and Angels, possesses the power to intercede independently. Their intercession is strictly bound by Divine permission. Furthermore, intercession only benefits those who are theologically and practically worthy and who have earned Allah’s pleasure.

In the intellectual framework of Islam, "illegitimate intercession" refers to seeking mediation and asking for intercession from beings who possess no qualification, authority, or knowledge for this purpose. This belief stems from the theological deviations of the pre-Islamic era (Jahiliyyah), where polytheists regarded idols and fabricated deities as partners of Allah and viewed them as intermediaries for drawing closer to the Divine Presence.[1]

The Quran explicitly refutes this belief with logical arguments, exposing its emptiness. When entering the Hereafter, Allah speaks to the polytheists and reveals the futility of their worldly intercessors: "Certainly you have come to Us alone, just as We created you the first time, and left behind whatever We had bestowed on you. We do not see your intercessors with you—those whom you claimed to be [Our] partners in [deciding] you[r] [fate]. Certainly all links between you have been cut, and what you used to claim has forsaken you!" [2]

This verse indicates that on the Day of Judgment, none of the worldly intercessors (idols) will be with humans, and they are completely ineffective and lost.

The Quran states clearly: "They worship besides Allah that which neither causes them any harm, nor brings them any benefit, and they say, ‘These are our intercessors with Allah.’ Say, ‘Will you inform Allah about something He does not know in the heavens or on the earth?’ Immaculate is He and exalted above [having] any partners that they ascribe [to Him]!" [3]

In Surah Ar-Rum, Allah says: "None of those whom they ascribed as partners [to Allah] will intercede for them, and they will disavow their partners." [4] This verse shows that on the Day of Resurrection, even the idolaters themselves will realize the falsehood of their idols' intercession and deny them.

In Surah Az-Zumar, Allah approaches this matter with a rational argument: "Have they taken intercessors besides Allah? Say, ‘What! Even though they do not control anything, and cannot reason?!" [5]

This argument shows that intercession requires "authority," "knowledge," and "awareness" attributes that idols lack. Therefore, asking for intercession from them is a futile and illogical act.

In Surah Ya-Sin, Allah states conditionally: "Shall I take gods besides Him? If the All-beneficent desired to cause me any distress, their intercession will not avail me in any way, nor will they rescue me." [6] This verse clearly indicates that the intercession of idols has no effect against the will of Allah, and their power is null in the face of divine decree.

The Quran, by firmly rejecting pre-Islamic beliefs, invalidates any equating of the "Hereafter system" with the "worldly system." It does not negate intercession entirely but establishes it for the righteous Servants of Allah (Awliya’) within a specific framework and with special divine criteria.

Based on this, the verses denying intercession were revealed in response to the vain beliefs of polytheists, who claimed that the system of the two worlds is one and that sacrifices, charities, humility, and tears before idols lead to their intercession. They harbored the illusion that Allah had delegated matters to them and made them independent in action and forbearance. This type of intercession, based on polytheism and the creature's claim of independence from the Creator, is the very "forbidden and illegitimate intercession." [7]

In contrast, "legitimate intercession" is the type of intercession endorsed by the clear religion of Islam, as stated in the Quran:

"Intercession will not avail that day except from him whom the All-beneficent allows and approves of his word." [8]

"How many an angel there is in the heavens whose intercession is of not any avail, except after Allah permits whomever He wishes and approves of!" [9]

The instances of such intercession have been explained in traditions and religious teachings; for example, the Prophet (SAW) says: "On the Day of Resurrection, I, Ali, and my Ahl al-Bayt will intercede, and our intercession will be accepted by Allah." [10] Also, in another tradition, Imam Ali (AS) says: "The prophets, scholars, and martyrs are those who intercede." [11]

Conclusion:

In Islam, intercession is divided into two categories: "illegitimate" intercession, which is based on polytheism and the illusion of the independence of idols, and which the Quran rejects it; and "legitimate" intercession, which is contingent upon divine permission and the merit of righteous Servants of Allah (Awliya’). Thus, Islam does not negate intercession entirely, but rather distinguishes between polytheistic intercession and monotheistic intercession based on Allah’s permission.

Understanding the true meaning of intercession is a crucial and decisive issue for those who believe in Allah and the Hereafter, and who view obedience to the laws of Sharia as the sole path to eternal happiness and safety from dangers.[1]

Linguistically, the word Shafa'at is derived from Shaf' (pair/double), which is the opposite of Witr (odd/single).[2] The term Shafi' (intercessor) refers to  one who seeks something on behalf of another; the needy party then requests this intercession to achieve their desired goal.[3] Ibn Athir states regarding this concept: The intercessor is one who attaches themselves to another, pairing the solitary individual.[4] Raghib Isfahani defines intercession as the attachment and connection of one person to another, with the intent to assist them and request their help. It is primarily used when a superior or more honorable person attaches themselves to someone of a lower rank. This is the meaning of intercession on the Day of Resurrection. [5]

Ibn Taymiyyah, a strict Hanbali scholar favored by the Wahhabi movement, explains the meaning of intercession as follows: Intercession means assisting the petitioner so that the assistant becomes their counterpart, after they were previously solitary.[6]

Fakhr Razi, in his commentary, states regarding the concept of intercession: Intercession is when one begs forgiveness for another and seeks to remove their needs. Its root is Shaf' (pair), and its opposite is Witr (single). It seems that the needy person is solitary and in need, while the intercessor becomes their pair. [7] Some later scholars have also said that it is a request for forgiveness of sin, or a request by the intercessor to the one with whom intercession is made (Allah) to do something for the benefit of the beneficiary (the one for whom intercession is made).Thus, the intercession of the Prophet (SAW) or others is essentially a petition from them to the Almighty Allah for the forgiveness of sins or the fulfillment of others' needs. Therefore, intercession is a type of supplication and hope in Divine grace. [8]

In the culture of the Quran, intercession is defined as mediating between Allah and His creation to convey good or ward off evil. [9]  Allamah Tabataba'i, in explaining the concept of intercession, says: Intercession is derived from the root Shaf' (pair) in opposition to Witr (single). The reality of intercession is that a needy person connects their insufficient force, which alone is not enough to reach the goal, with the force of the intercessor, thereby doubling their ability to achieve the objective. Had they relied solely on their own force, due to its deficiency and weakness, they would not have reached the goal. [10]

Some have divided intercession into two different concepts:

A) Intercession in the Popular Sense: In the common understanding among people, the intercessor is someone who, relying on their position, personality, or influence, changes the view of the holder of power regarding the punishment of subordinates. Such an understanding of intercession has no place in religious knowledge and is inconsistent with divine principles.

B) Intercession in its True and Constructive Meaning: In the correct and religious meaning, the core of intercession lies in the inner transformation and metamorphosis of the person for whom intercession is made. That is, the sinner creates conditions to emerge from an undesirable state deserving of punishment and, by connecting with the intercessor, enters a path where they become eligible for Divine forgiveness.[11] This type of intercession is, in reality, a lofty school of upbringing, reform, awakening, and human awareness.[12]

Conclusion

In light of the above, we can conclude that intercession in Islam is intercession for the forgiveness of sins or the elevation of the ranks of believers in the Hereafter; however, not in the sense of violating divine laws, but in the sense of providing the necessary internal and spiritual conditions in the beneficiary to benefit from Allah’s mercy. Imam Ali (AS) says: The intercessor is like wings for the needy person, with whose help they fly and attain their destination. [13]